Link to Ashkenaz? 22 September 2026, 11 Tishrei 5787.

Contents:
1. Yamnaya  Research Notes, may be incorrect.
2. Problems.
3. Not Enough Male Men?
4. Beakers.
5. Origins.
6. Replacement.

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1. Yamnaya  Research Notes, may be incorrect.
Scientists Compared Yamnaya DNA to Every European Nation - The Results Changed History Forever
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXbP8Bgwe9A
1. Hunter-Gatherers,
2. Farmers from Anatolia. ca. 5000 BCE.
3. Yamnaya from Ukraine.
Norwegians ca. 50% yamaya.

Lithuanians 45 to 50%

Across the Iberian Peninsula, that replacement.

A Stanford statistical analysis revealed the Yamnaya moved into Europe at a male-to-female ratio nearly double that of the Spanish conquistadors - and both explanations for that number point toward organized violence on a scale history has no words for. Ancient DNA from Bronze Age Britain shows the Yamnaya replaced over 90% of the island's paternal lineages within a few hundred years. Across the Iberian Peninsula, that replacement reached nearly 100% in just five centuries. The immune gene that kept the Yamnaya alive through a plague that had already killed 60 to 70% of Europe's farming population is the same gene now driving elevated multiple sclerosis rates across Scandinavia and Northern Europe today. The Basques kept their language but carry Yamnaya paternal DNA at nearly 90%. It reached nearly 100% in just five centuries. The immune gene that kept the Yamnaya alive through a plague that had already killed 60 to 70% of Europe's farming population is the same gene now driving elevated multiple sclerosis rates across Scandinavia and Northern Europe today. The Basques kept their language but carry Yamnaya paternal DNA at nearly 90%. Sardinia, by contrast, escaped almost entirely - making modern Sardinians the closest living genetic approximation of pre-Yamnaya Europe. And the physical Yamnaya - dark-skinned, brown-eyed, black-haired - look nothing like the racial mythology that has historically tried to claim their legacy. This is not one study making an extraordinary claim. It is a convergence of more than a dozen independent lines of evidence pointing at the same people, the same event, and the same conclusion: the Yamnaya didn't just pass through Europe. They built it.

Extracts:
. The native male lineages of Britain simply vanished and Yamna lines took their place. At Ulawo in Germany, archaeologists
uncovered a late Neolithic mass grave containing the remains of globular empora people killed by Corded Ware
invaders, a culture directly related to the Yamnaya. It was material evidence of
the mechanism behind the statistics. The numbers had a human face buried in the
earth. In Iberia, the story was even more absolute. Olaldi published in
Science in 2019 that in the 500 years following 2500 BC, the Yamna paternal
line replaced nearly 100% of the Y chromosomes [music] across the entire
Iberian Peninsula. The local women survived. Their mitochondria DNA passed
through the maternal line continued forward into subsequent generations. But the men of Pre-Yamnaya Iberia disappeared
from the genetic record almost entirely. Today the descendant paternal line runs
through approximately 85% of Irish men, 80% of Welsh men, nearly 90% of Basque men,
and 65 to 70%  of English men. More than 4,000 years after the Yamnaya  disappeared, their line is still passing from father to son  across nearly
every corner of Western Europe. The Y chromosome data had shown what happened to the men. ... The
calculated result indicated that the Yamnaya had migrated at a ratio of approximately 10 to 14 men for every
single woman.
Nicholas Rascoan published in 2019 that the native European farming populations had already
collapsed by 60 to 70%  before the Yamna set foot on European soil. The
cause was Yinia pestus, the plague bacterium which had been spreading through Neolithic farming communities
for generations. The Yamnayua had lived alongside cattle for centuries. They had been exposed to
the bacterium repeatedly. Their immune systems had adapted. When they moved
west into a continent already devastated by disease, they were not conquering a
strong and settled Europe. They were walking into a dying one. The gene that saved them was HLA DRB1,
identified by Barry and colleagues in Nature in January of 2024.

This variant had undergone what geneticists call a selective sweep in the Yamnaya population, spreading rapidly
because it kept its carriers alive. In a plague ravaged landscape, it was the
difference between survival and extinction. In the modern disease-free environment, that same gene behaves

 The Yamnaya did not appear from nowhere.... Lazeritus and Reich published the answer in Nature in February of
2025. Around 8,000 BC, two distinct hunter
gatherer populations had begun mixing on the lower Vulga. Eastern hunter
gatherers who had ranged across the vast interior of Eurasia encountered Caucasus
hunter gatherers moving up from the south. The blending of these two groups
produced what scientists designated the CLV cluster, an abbreviation for Cauasus
Lower Vulga, which Russian researchers named Berishnovka after the village
where the key graves were found. By 5,000 BC, the CLV had consolidated into
a recognizable population. By 4,700 BC, a culture called the Shredny stalk
had emerged from the CLV and begun expanding westward toward the Deneiper River. Then by approximately 3,500
BC, the Yamna appeared, carrying 74% of their ancestry from the Sredn and 26%
from late CLV populations. The Yamna were not a beginning. They were the peak
of a 5,000 year sequence of genetic and cultural accumulation. From that peak,
the expansion moved in every direction simultaneously into Western Europe through the
Bellbeaker culture into northern Europe through the Corded Ware covering Germany, Poland and the Baltic countries
into central Asia through the Afanoso culture reaching as far as the Altai Mountains in Mongolia into North India
through the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures where the Yamna Y DNA signature
today reaches 70%. sent in the Brahman cast.

Yamnaya - Gomer
Jewish Rabbinical Sources

Yamnaya descended from mixed hunter-gatherers in Altai (25%) and another group from Anatolia related to the Hittites.

The Yamnaya Were Never Who We Thought - DNA Finally Proved It
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgwSV2diPns&t=650s
Seredniy-Sigh bottle-neck folowed by population expansion.

For more details see:
Britain. DNA Overthrown
https://hebrewnations.com/articles/dna/over.html
What Really Happened?
DNA overthrown?
What is the real truth?
Where did we come from? and when?
Who are we?

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2. Problems.

The earliest finds of human remains  in Western Europe involved the Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG).
Samples of Y-DNA extracted from these individuals belonged exclusively to two haplogroups for the males (particularly subclades of R1b1) and I haplotypes (particularly subclades of I2). Concerning the females mtDNA belonged almost exclusively to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4).
Other studies gave different results.

After that came the Early Europea farmers (EEF). The Anatolian Neolithic Farmers were an ancestral component, first identified in farmers from Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, Turkey) in the Neolithic, and outside of Europe and Northwest Africa.
The highest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranges from 67% to over 80% in modern Sardinians, Italians, and Iberians, with the lowest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranging around 35-40% in modern Finns, Lithuanians and Latvians.
The  genetic makeup of the EEF included paternal haplogroup G2a and common maternal haplogroups like H2, I, and T2, but also some East Asian lineages in certain regions. Over time, these farmers mixed with local hunter-gatherers, contributing significantly to the gene pool of modern Europeans. 
The EEF were quite short (ca. 5 feet) at least at first.

Then came the Bellbeakers.

Then came the Bellbeakers and the Bronze Age. In France, Britain, and Ireland Bellbeakers with R1b Ychromosom replaced 90% of the population within 100 to 200 years. Ireland was influenced after Britain. Bellbeakers at first replaced 90% of the males. They were nearly all R1b. Before then R1b had been present among the Hunter-Gatherers but in small quantities. The early Bellbeakers were roundheaded and robust.

Terminology Confusion: Bellbeakers, Steppe Ancestry, R1b, are all overlapping terms but not completely so.

Etruscan, Iberian, German, British, etc, groups all show intrusion of Bellbeaker types. "This Bell Beaker-related steppe ancestry was in turn derived from the earlier Corded Ware culture, rather than from the Yamnaya culture. " This however may be mistaken.  Greece, Sardinia, Sicily, also received minority inlfuences from the Bellbeakers and so did Ancient Egypt.

Corded Ware Culture was mixed R1b and R1a whereas for Bellbeakers it is all R1b. Therefore it is unlikely that they originated from a Corded Ware civilization.

East of the Bellbeakers in Poland and its neighborhood a similar event was taking place. Other there the dominant party was not R1b but rather R1a. Just as R1b took over on the male side in the west so did R1a in the east. Originally in Poland (Corded War territory)  the male haplogroup I1 had sominated, then it was repalced by R1a, but later I1 came back and dominated again (in the Late Iron Age) only to once again  be replaced   by R1a "returning".

Bellbeakers in Britain took over 90% of the genome within 100 to 300 years. Bellbeakers in Britain and Ireland had  10 males for every female or almost no females at all!

"approximately five to  14 migrating males for every migrating female.” 

What happened to the R1b females in Britain and Ireland? What happened to the Neolithic males whom the Bellbeakers replaced? The Bellbeakers were very numerous and widely spread. Where did they all come from? Where did all their women go to? There is little evidence of warfare.  Where did the neolithic males all go to? We Suggest they all stayed where they were, or they mostly did. There was a change of DNA from Neolithic Types to R1b. Cultural Continuation from the Neoilthic, continued use of family graves. Alongside many changes.

And what about Poland? Why and how did the same change take place but only with R1a?

When did this change take place? Our estimation is ca. 300 BCE. Conventional dates however place it at:  ca. 3000 BCE!

Sources:

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3. Not Enough Male Men?

The Origins of Haplogroup R1b: How Steppe Ancestry Changed Europe Forever…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gT4lYREBo&t=55s

The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5973796/

However, migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.

Regardless of the geographic origin, by 2500 BCE the Beaker Complex had spread throughout western Europe (and northwest Africa), and reached southern and Atlantic France, Italy and central Europe5, where it overlapped geographically with the Corded Ware Complex. Within another hundred years, it had expanded to Britain and Ireland8. A major debate in archaeology has revolved around the question of whether the spread of the Beaker Complex was mediated by the movement of people, culture, or a combination of both9. Genome-wide data have revealed high proportions of Steppe-related ancestry in Beaker Complex-associated individuals from Germany and the Czech Republic2-4, showing that they derived from mixtures of populations from the Steppe and the preceding Neolithic farmers of Europe.

The Y-chromosome composition of Beaker-associated males was dominated by R1b-M269 (Supplementary Table 4), a lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BCE2,3. 
Outside Iberia, this lineage was present in 84 out of 90 analysed males. For individuals in whom we could determine the R1b-M269 subtype (n=60), we found that all but two had the derived allele for the R1b-S116/P312 polymorphism, which defines the dominant subtype in western Europe today14. In contrast, Beaker-associated individuals from the Iberian Peninsula carried a higher proportion of Y haplogroups known to be common across Europe during the earlier Neolithic period2,4,15,16, such as I (n=5) and G2 (n=1), while R1b-M269 was found in four individuals with a genome-wide signal of Steppe-related ancestry (the two with higher coverage could be further classified as R1b-S116/P312). Finding this widespread presence of the R1b-S116/P312 polymorphism in ancient individuals from central and western Europe suggests that people associated with the Beaker Complex may have had an important role in the dissemination of this lineage throughout most of its present-day distribution.

While Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals (n=33), it represents more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain (n=52) (Fig. 3). The introduction of new mtDNA haplogroups such as I, R1a and U4, which were present in Beaker-associated populations from continental Europe but not in Neolithic Britain (Supplementary Table 3), suggests that both men and women were involved. 

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5. Origins.

Scientists Reveal Surprising Genetic Origins of The Bell Beaker People

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CFWcJR6ysg