Brit-Am Anthropology and DNA Update (19 April 2016, 11 Nisan, 5776)
Contents:
1. Twins
(a)Â The Difference Between Identical and Fraternal Twins
(b) Countries With Most Twins Identified
by Charles Q. Choi
(c) Twice the nappies and double the trouble, but mothers who give birth to twins live longer
By DAILY MAIL REPORTER
2. Sexual Behavior
(a) Adultery: Which countries are most unfaithful? - Mirror Online
(b) Lover Beware: The 8 Countries that Cheat the Most
(c) The 10 Most Sexually Active Countries in the World
3. Tomenable :Â Most Modern Germans from France and the Netherlands!!!
Y-DNA from Germany in the 300s-400s AD shows 58% frequency of I1 and not much R1b
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1. Twins
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(a)Â The Difference Between Identical and Fraternal Twins
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/family-dynamics/Pages/The-Difference-Between-Identical-and-Fraternal-Twins.aspx
Extracts:
Because fraternal, or dizygotic, twins are 2 separate fertilized eggs, they usually develop 2 separate amniotic sacs, placentas, and supporting structures. Identical, or monozygotic, twins may or may not share the same amniotic sac, depending on how early the single fertilized egg divides into 2.
If twins are a boy and a girl, clearly they are fraternal twins, as they do not have the same DNA. A boy has XY chromosomes and a girl has XX chromosomes. Girl-boy twins occur when one X egg is fertilized with an X sperm, and a Y sperm fertilizes the other X egg.
Sometimes health care professionals identify same-sex twins as fraternal or identical based on ultrasound findings or by examining the membranes at the time of delivery. The best way to determine if twins are identical or fraternal is by examining each child's DNA. Occasionally a family is told that their twins are fraternal based on placenta findings, when they are in fact identical. Other times, a family may see the minor differences in identical twins and declare the twins fraternal based on these differences in appearance. ....
Identical twins have the same DNA; however, they may not look exactly identical to one another because of environmental factors such as womb position and life experiences after being born. ....Different stretches of one's DNA can turn on or off in response to environmental surroundings, therefore, over time, a pair of identical twins, DNA becomes more and more distinctive. All twins, whether fraternal or identical, are truly 2 separate, unique individuals.
Author
Shelly Vaziri Flais, MD, FAAP
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(b) Countries With Most Twins Identified
by Charles Q. Choi, Live Science Contributor  |  October 11, 2011 08:27am ET
http://www.livescience.com/16469-twins-countries-twinning-rates.html
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Extracts:
When it comes to having twins, not all regions are created equal. Central Africa snags the record for the highest twin birthrate, while Asia and Latin America have much lower rates of twinning, according to a new international study and global twins database.
The central African country of Benin has the highest national average of twinning, with a whopping 27.9 twins per 1,000 births, the researchers added.
The findings may help answer questions about the causes of twinning, which may range from a mother's age, height and diet to genetic factors that are passed down through the maternal line, as well as mortality differences between boys and girls in certain regions.
Of the developing nations studied, 13.6 twins per 1,000 births were born on average. This is comparable with intermediate rates seen in the United States, Australia and many European countries of nine to 16 per 1,000 births.
The highest twinning rates were seen in Central Africa, with more than 18 twins per 1,000 births. The especially high twinning seen in Benin might be linked to the Yoruba ethnic group, which can be found in Benin as well as in Nigeria and Togo, said researcher Jeroen Smits, a sociologist and economist at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
In comparison, twinning is very low in Asia and Latin America, with a rate often less than eight per 1,000 births. The major exception are the Caribbean Islands, where many people of African descent live, for instance, Haiti had 14 twins per 1,000 births.
Reasons behind twin rates
It remains a mystery as to why there are vast differences in twin birth rates among the different regions of the developing world. Past research suggests that identical twins occur at a relatively constant rate of 3.5 to 4 per 1,000 births globally. Instead, most variations in twinning worldwide seem due to birth rates of fraternal twins.
A key factor linked with fraternal twinning is a mother's age, the number of twin pregnancies rises substantially with maternal age and then decreases after age 38. The number of pregnancies a woman had before a twin pregnancy also appears to play a role, as might details such as smoking, contraceptive use and even a woman's height, the taller you are, the greater your chances seem to be of giving birth to fraternal twins. In addition, there is a substantial hereditary component to fraternal twinning that apparently runs through the female line.
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(c) Twice the nappies and double the trouble, but mothers who give birth to twins live longer
By DAILY MAIL REPORTER
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1385860/Mothers-birth-twins-live-longer-finds-study.html
Extracts:
With twice as many dirty nappies and double the number of feeds, it is easy for mothers of twins to envy those who just have one baby to bring up at a time.
But all their hard work could bring an unexpected reward, with a study concluding that women who have twins outlive other mothers.
Women who bear twins naturally tend to be hardier and more fertile, a study has revealed
The U.S. researchers say it is not the case that having twins makes a woman healthier. Instead, hardier women have twins.
Dr Shannen Robson said: "The prevailing view is that the burden of childbearing on women is heavier when bearing twins.
- But we found the opposite: women who naturally bear twins in fact live longer and are actually more fertile."
However, the analysis, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, did not factor in the increased risk of death in childbirth faced by women who have more than one baby at a time.
The University of Utah researchers made the link by analysing records of almost 60,000 women who were born in the state between 1807 and 1899, lived to the age of 50 and had at least one child.
Some 4,600 were mothers of twins, the others had one baby at a time.Â
Scrutiny of the women's lives showed a clear link between twin births and longevity, with mothers of twins being up to 7.6 per cent less likely to die during any given year.
Interestingly, the longest life extension was gained by those who gave birth to twins before 1870.Â
The researchers say that the physical lifestyle of the pioneers may have left these women fitter and so more prone to having twins.
Mothers of twins also had shorter gaps between pregnancies, suggesting their bodies were in good physical shape. They also had children over a longer period of time, continued giving birth at an older age and had more children overall.
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2. Sexual Behavior
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(a) Adultery: Which countries are most unfaithful? - Mirror Online
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/adultery-countries-most-unfaithful-5188791
Extracts:
10. Finland 36%
9. United Kingdom 36%
8. Spain 39%
7. Belgium 40%
6. Norway 41%
5. France 43%
4. Germany 45%
3. Italy 45%
2. Denmark 46%
1. Thailand 56%
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(b) Lover Beware: The 8 Countries that Cheat the Most
http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/lover-beware-the-8-countries-that-cheat-the-most-335926/
8. United States of America
Unfaithful women in the country: 14%
7. France
Unfaithful women in the country: 16.3%
6. Singapore
Unfaithful women in the country: 19%
5. Russia
Unfaithful women in the country: 33%
4. Malaysia
Unfaithful women in the country: 39%
3. Britain
Unfaithful women in the country: 42%
2. Thailand
Unfaithful women in the country: 59%
1. Nigeria
Unfaithful women in the country: 62%
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(c) The 10 Most Sexually Active Countries in the World
http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/the-10-most-sexually-active-countries-in-the-world-334352/
10. Italy
Frequency of sex per year: 121 encounters
T8. New Zealand
Frequency of sex per year: 122 encounters
T8. China
T6. Switzerland
T6. Mexico
5. India
4. Poland
3. Russia
2. Brazil
1. Greece
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3. Tomenable :Â Most Modern Germans from France and the Netherlands!!!
Y-DNA from Germany in the 300s-400s AD shows 58% frequency of I1 and not much R1b
http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/32226-Y-DNA-from-Germany-in-the-300s-400s-AD-shows-58-frequency-of-I1-and-not-much-R1b
 Note: This article may be important or it may not. It is worth taking note of. The original has maps of value. Claims in effect that most Germans (especially those of the westyern areas) came from what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, East France.
Extracts:
12 samples from Goerzig (Saxony-Anhalt) dated to the 300s-400s AD, of whom 7 or 8 were I1:
I1 --------------------------------------------------------- 7 (~58%)
I (likely I2 but can be some Russian clade of I1) ---- 1 (~8%)
R1b ------------------------------------------------------- 1 (~8%)
R1 (most likely R1a, or some eastern R1b) ----------- 1 (~8%)
R1 (likely R1b but can be R1a-Z284 or L664) -------- 2 (~17%)
This shows that Ancient Germania was dominated by I1, not by R1b like today.
In this sample I1 is between 58% and 67%, while in modern Germany just 16%.
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R1b came to dominate what is now Germany only as the result of Frankish conquest:
Here is my hypothesis:
1) Frankish realm = R1b majority; Germanic tribes between Rhine and Elbe, including Saxons = I1 / I majority:
2) Franks expand into Pagan Saxons, Thuringians and others; with Frankish authority come many R1b settlers:
3) Further expansion of East Francia - or Germany as it is now called - into Slavic lands between Elbe and Oder:
"Ostsiedlung" settlers came from areas which are today the Netherlands, Belgium, and the French-German borderland. Most of them spoke West Germanic dialects, but many also spoke Romance (e.g. Walloons). Ashkenazi Jews were part of that too.
Many came from westernmost parts of modern Germany (the Rhineland). Many also came from Friesland (Frisia).
![[]](https://s30.postimg.org/itnmx1ald/Obecnie.png)
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Tomenable
Extracts:
Modern Germans are largely descendants of settlers from the French-Dutch-Belgian-German borderland and from Southern Germany who re-populated Central, Northern and Eastern Germany during the Medieval "Ostsiedlung". In Ancient Germania and in Early Medieval times after the Migration Period, haplogroup frequencies in what is now Central & Eastern Germany were much different than now.
Even Pagan Saxons were decimated by Charlemagne, and huge immigration of West Frankish settlers to their lands took place.
So Northern Germany is also different than it used to be before the bloody conquest of Saxons by Charlemagne. Probably before Charlemagne Northern Germany was dominated by I1 (like modern Denmark is), and only after Charlemagne by R1b.
Remember, that we already do have an Anglo-Saxon ancient DNA sample from England, and it turned out to be I1.
We also have Roman era Y-DNA from Britain, and among it there were 2 samples of R1b-U106.
So the presence of U106 in what is now England actually pre-dated the Anglo-Saxon conquest.
Anglo-Saxons who came to Britain, were probably mostly I1. Just like Pagan Saxons before Charlemagne.
The conquest of Saxons by the Frankish Empire lasted around four decades (years 772 - 804).
We don't know how many died and how many survived, but sources indicate that losses were very heavy. For example in year 782 Charlemagne massacred 4500 Southern Saxon captives. In 795-798 there was enslavement and forcible population transfers of Northern Saxons. In year 804 Charlemagne expelled over 10,000 Northern Saxon families to Gaul - their descendants speak French today, and are no longer parts of the gene pool of modern Germans. In 798 in the battle of Bornhoeved 3000-4000 Saxons were killed. These are just some examples of war crimes and casualties inflicted by Charlemagne and his allies against Pagan Saxons - there were more casualties for sure. ...
What is now Northern Germany was largely devastated and depopulated during those wars.
Saxon lands were then largely re-populated by western settlers coming from Western Francia.
It seems that Thuringian genetic distinctiveness survived better until the present-day than Saxon.
Thuringia has the lowest frequency of R1b-U106 and the highest of I2a2 out of all regions of Germany.
This is probably the reason why 23andMe cannot genetically distinguish French people from Germans today....
The same process (depopulation + repopulation by Western settlers) later took place after crusades against Pagan Slavs.
You can read about this for example in the following book:
Gerald Stone, "Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs"Â