Brit-Am Research Sources
(18 December, 2018, 10 Tevet, 5778)
Contents:
1. Great Orme Copper Mine
2. The Tribe of Reuben begins the Process of Repentance.
3. Children of Rachel: Keep Silent.Children of Leah: Protestation
4. Macedonians from Esau?
5. House of Jacob identified with Joseph
6. Cimmerians, Scythians, Kurdistan and Hungary. Archaeological Links
7. Some possible Phoenician/Punic names in Britain and Ireland
by R. Caitlin
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1. Great Orme Copper Mine
https://www.academia.edu/37940852/Social_processes_in_ancient_Europe_and_changes_in_the_use_of_ore_and_alloys_in_metallurgical_production?email_work_card=view-paper
One of the largest is the Great Orme mine in NorthWales, where chalcopyrite, less commonly malachite, is situated in dolomites (Ixer, 2001). It isestimated that about 1,760 tons of copper were mined here. In Britain this is the earliest knownmines, but mining here began after 1500 BC (Parker Pearson, 2009, p. 105). Before this, themetal was transported from Southwest Ireland from the Ross Island mine.
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2. The Tribe of Reuben begins the Process of Repentance.
See Genesis 37:29. This is based on a Midrash (Breishit Rabah 84;19)..
Another Midrash however says that the first to return will be from Gilead of Manasseh.
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3. Children of Rachel: Keep Silent.Children of Leah: Protestation
Midrash on Rachel and Leah when Jacob married them.
Rachel (Benjamin and Joseph) bear it in silence.
Leah, especially Judah, announce openly, declare their gratitude, protestation.
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4. Macedonians from Esau?
Midrash Rabah
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5. House of Jacob identified with Joseph
Bayit Yisroel (VaTeshav, 716)
# In [the commentary] "Sefat Emet" the House of Jacob is called Joseph. #
The House of Jacob
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6. Cimmerians, Scythians, Kurdistan and Hungary. Archaeological Links
https://www.v-stetsyuk.name/en/Scythian/Cimmer.html
Extracts:
In North Ossetia there are a number of toponyms containing the element of Gimara, which goes back to the ethnonym of the Cimmerians (TSAGAEVA A. Dz. 2010: 5)
At the historically time Cimmerians settled Azov and Black Sea steppes, and left traces of their presence in the steppes of the Ukraine and North Caucasus in archaeological sites which are united in the common Cimmerian culture
The appearance of the Cimmerians in Asia, according to cuneiform sources, related to the end of the 8th century BC, and the Scythians are known in Iran "not earlier than 670-680", which contradicts Herodotus' statement about persecuting the Cimmerians by the Scythians. Moreover, there are facts that speak about their joint raids on the Assyrian province. In general, the sources reported mainly about Cimmerians but the Scythians were mentioned for several years and then only in Iran (MEDVEDSKAYA I,N. 2000)
Akkadian sources allows us to establish that in 644 B.C., the Cimmerians' most successful raid was on Lydia, in which King Gig was killed. Apparently, this raid affected not only Lydia, but also Ionia, and that is what Greek sources meant when they report the same raid by the Cimmerians. The same Akkadian sources describing the death of Ligdamis/Dugdamme dating it to 641 BC, i.e., three years later (IVANCHIK A.I. 2005: 123).
The presence In Hungary of some horse people, identified with the Cimmerians, is established on the basis of finds of bronze objects of harness and iron bridles, bronze boilers, weapons (swords and daggers). (SHUSHARIN V.P., 1971, 23).
Asian sources recall the Scythian kingdom in the late 90s of the 6th century B.C., after which time no data in the history were found. It is believed that the bulk of the Scythians retreated back to the North Caucasus.
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7. Some possible Phoenician/Punic names in Britain and Ireland
by R. Caitlin
https://www.caitlingreen.org/2016/12/punic-names-britain.html?m=1
Extracts:
The Isle of Thanet, Kent, Tanatus, Tanatos, Tenet, Tanet, originally probably *Tanit or similar. ... a Phoenician/Punic island-name 'Y TNT, meaning the 'Isle (of) Tanit', the chief goddess of the ancient Phoenician mercantile power of Carthage, a name also seemingly applied to the island on which the Phoenician Atlantic colony of Cqdiz was built (said by Pliny, Natural History, IV.36, to have been called by the natives the 'Isle of Juno', i.e. the 'Isle of Tanit', given that the Roman goddess Juno corresponded to the Phoenician Tanit under the interpretatio Romana). ... the really quite exceptional concentration of Carthaginian coins in eastern Kent. ... the Isle of Thanet in Kent has recently been independently identified as a potential key strategic 'Late Bronze Age trading centre' lying at a mid-point on a trade route between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, acting as a 'transit centre' for metalwork from other parts of Europe as well as 'providing local tin ore' to these traders, a scenario strongly supported by both the presence of multiple people who grew up in North Africa and in Scandinavia within a ninth- to third-century BC cemetery discovered at Cliffs End, Thanet, and the recent isotopic analysis of a pure tin ring-ingot from c. 950-700 BC found at Vardinge, Sweden, which revealed that the tin in question did indeed come from Cornwall.(10)
Rame Head, Cornwall. Rame in 1086 and thereafter. ... the Semitic height-word *r m, compare Ramat Gan, Israel, and Ramallah, ... especially as it is the name of a conspicuous conical headland guarding the western entrance to Plymouth Sound.(11) Interestingly, not only is Rame Head located in Cornwall, an ancient tin-producing region, but a major excavated Late Bronze Age and Iron Age trading site, Mount Batten, lies within Plymouth Sound itself, just to the north-east of Rame. Barry Cunliffe has argued that this trading site can be plausibly identified as the pre-Roman British tin-trading centre of Ictis, mentioned in the fourth century BC by Pytheas of Massalia (via Diodoros), and it is especially intriguing in this context to note that Plymouth Sound itself has actually produced a potentially Punic trapezoidal lead core from a Mediterranean Type IIa wooden anchor of the fifth to mid-second century BC too.(12)
Sark - Sargia, Serc, Serk.... the Proto-Semitic root * rq, redden; rise (as of the sun); east, compare Modern Arabic sarq, 'east', which would give good sense as Sark is the easternmost and outermost island of the Guernsey group.(13)
Echri (Flat Holm, Severn Estuary) The Welsh name for this island in the Severn Estuary, Echri, is apparently unexplained via insular languages, but a solution is possible if it is an island-name involving Proto-Semitic *a-ch-r, 'behind, back,' meaning the 'rearmost island' or similar, which would be topographically appropriate given that Flat Holm is the last usable island encountered as one journeys up the Severn Estuary from the sea.(14)
Isles of Scilly - Early spellings include Sylinancim, Sully and Sullia. No good etymology in insular languages, ... a Proto-Semitic root *s-l-, meaning 'rock, cliff', as found in Hebrew sela' (note, the -c- in the modern name is a post-medieval innovation). Alternatively, Richard Coates also compares the Punic site Zilis, modern Asilah, Morocco, which has been interpreted as meaning 'fishery'. Interestingly, the Atlantic Kassiterides, or 'Tin Islands', mentioned by Strabo and others have often been credibly identified with either the Isles of Scilly or Cornwall, with Strabo stating that 'in former times it was the Phoenicians alone', from their southern Iberian colony of Gades (Cadiz), 'who carried on this commerce'.(15)
The Solent - Soluente in 737 and 890. ...the Proto-Semitic root *s-l- (cf. Hebrew sela) meaning 'rock, cliff' would also potentially work, as Vennemann and Coates note, giving a topographically not-implausible meaning of 'place of cliffs' or, more likely, 'the prominent cliffs'.(16)
Uist - Scottish Gaelic Uibhist. Richard Coates... identical in origin to the Mediterranean name Ibiza (Catalan Eivissa, Ebusos/'Ebousos in Pliny and Diodorus Siculus), a Phoenician island-name possibly meaning 'island of some fragrant plant, e.g. balsam or pine', implying lush vegetation, with a final /t/ gained under influence from Old Norse.
Iona - Ioua, Old Irish... the Punic/Phoenician for 'island, isolated place', 'y or iw.
Islay - Gaelic Eilean - leach, earlier Ile/Ila/Ilea insula. ... the Punic/Phoenician generic for island, 'y, in initial position + a form of root of the divine name seen in Phoenician 'l (cf. Hebrew -Eloah, Biblical Aramaic e l h and Arabic A h,... passed through Gaelic: so 'island of the god' or simila
Southern Inner Hebrides (Islay, Colonsay, Jura) - Ebudae, Eboudai in Pliny and other classical sources.. a Punic/Phoenician name meaning 'the sheep/lamb islands'.
Rum - Ruimm in the Annals of Ulster (677). ... As with Rame Head and Ram Head, an origin in a Semitic height-word would give good sense, given its mountainous topography from all approaches and possession of the second highest mountain in the Western Isles; Broderick suggests Semitic *r m, 'be high,' would regularly give the name as recorded, with a later shortening of the vowel in the southern Hebrides. Otherwise, the name is inexplicable.(21)
Bute - Botis in the Ravenna Cosmography. The name is root-identical with Proto-Celtic *but , British *bot-, 'dwelling'; however, Richard Coates considers the word *but /*bot- to be, in fact, a direct borrowing from Proto-Semitic *but-, 'hut', and therefore suggests that this island-name could well be itself another surviving Proto-Semitic island-name in the Hebrides, meaning 'dwelling island' or similar, given the others discussed here.(22)
Seil - Gaelic Saoil, earlier Soil. Richard Coates compares Arabic s il, 'coast' from the Proto-Semitic root *s l, considering the final form of the island-name to reflect this root under Gaelic influence. It is worth noting that a name derived from a Punic/Phoenician root meaning 'coast island' would be topographically appropriate here, as Seil/Saoil is separated from the mainland by a thin ocean channel spanned by the eighteenth-century Clachan Bridge.(23)
Thule - An appropriate and credible Proto-Semitic etymology is available for this very difficult and often unexplained name in the root * l, 'become dark, shaded', which would obviously work well for an island said to have been located in the far north where the 'Arctic peculiarity' of the Midnight Sun took hold, a phenomenon known to Pliny and other ancient authors.(25)