Brit-Am Research Sources (20 January, 2015, 29 Tevet, 5775)
Contents:
1. [Scandinavia] The Brutal Bronze Age
2. More Rabbinical Confirmations of the Exile.
3. Canaanites in Ancient South Turkey by E. Adams
4. A Place named Germanikah as capital of Ancient Assyria?
5. Research by Dublin based scientists reveals that ancient Europeans were lactose intolerant
6. A Barbary Ape Skull from Navan Fort, Co. Armagh. Ireland
7. Roman contacts with Ireland by Colm Moriarty
8. Archeologists revise image of ancient Celts
9. The English words ANY, MANY, and the Hebrew AIN and Ha-Mon
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1. [Scandinavia] The Brutal Bronze Age
http://fof.se/tidning/2013/4/artikel/den-brutala-bronsaldern
[Translated from the Swedish [with a very few additions] by GoogleTranslate - an Israeli Development]
Extracts:
The Bronze Age Scandinavians were no peaceful sun worshipers. On the contrary, their lives filled with violence and threats, long-distance trade and plundering expeditions. New discoveries made at breakneck speed and old reinterpreted. The era appears increasingly as a precursor to the Vikings.
Men wearing swords. There is nothing strange about it - it makes 40 percent of all human figures on Bohuslans petroglyphs.
For posterity with new-age spectacles may Bronze Age people seem peaceful junkies who chimed in bronze kids danced in her chemise and sacrificed to the sun and fertility gods. The difference is significant when compared to the barbaric Vikings, a half a millennium later, during the invocation of Thor, killed people halfway across the continent.
But there are also similarities that now highlighted. The irony is that when the Bronze Age emerges from the Viking Age shadow sees the two epochs surprisingly similar. That is not to say that people shared the same mind-set, but the Bronze Age people begin more and more to get the contour of the precursor to the Vikings.
There are three aspects that today stressed having previously neglected or have been toned down:
1. Ancient Bronze Age everyday life was marked by violence or threat of violence.
2.The material culture was shaped by long distance trade contacts and travel.
3.Samhallet hierarchically.
The three points are reminiscent of the Viking Age, though there can be big differences.
- People in coastal communities organized themselves to trade, to survive, to acquire these metals. We get petroglyphs by a ship, then ship setting are starting on Gotland. It will Weapons made of metal, which makes a major difference. However, previous researchers looked only rituals, religious symbols, fertility cult - everything except war, says Johan Ling at Goteborg University, who notes that there are 10,000 ships carvings in Bohuslon.
- Here lay the intersection of shipping between the Scandinavian regions, but also between the British Isles and Europe. Here are the most depicted warriors in the Nordic countries. It may indicate the existence of both the trade, warfare and alliances. Those who engaged in trade were traders, warriors and travelers, so it was really quite like the Vikings.
John Ling has the isotopic analysis of Nordic Bronze findings found that the copper in the alloy came from, inter alia, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and the Alps. A tin thank analyzed came from Cornwall, who was a regular source of tin in the epoch.
In the 2000s, archaeologists have found mass graves in Turkey, Czech Republic and Germany where the victims were killed with very powerful force. The previously been seen as the exception was perhaps not at all unusual. Old findings are reviewed again and you can see traces of violence everywhere.
With bronze came new weapons that did not exist before, as the sword and lance. It came helmets and shields, and with all new equipment to another form of warfare. In the Mediterranean introduced the horse-drawn chariot fast as further altered the war. Specialists rider, horse trainer and blacksmiths were key people.
With bronze, society is stratified, there are local elites who control the trade and take power over increasingly large areas.
- In Denmark there are 50,000 burial mounds, and it has found 2000 sword.... Early Bronze Age was the first Nordic prosperity period, it was the richest region in Europe. South Scandinavia became rich thanks to amber, valued as highly as gold. A kilo of amber corresponded to 200 kg of copper in value, says Kristian Kristiansen, professor of archeology at the University of Gothenburg.
In a pioneering effort he went around Europe and examined several hundred bronze host. He found unequivocal traces of battle, which notched edge, he found the sword repaired again and again. And he tried to work out how to use them, showed them to be well suited for battle. Long considered that the large bronze values were too unwieldy to fight with, therefore they could only have a ritual function. Certainly, unused swords found in tombs and weapons victims in bogs, but many have been well used, damaged and repaired several times. Most likely, they have been handed down in a storm anna multigenerational families before they finally got to follow its last owner of the tomb. Kristian Kristiansen presented their findings in the article The Tale of the Sword (2002).
The myth of the noble savage is derived from the French enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who believed that man is basically good. Violence first arose with private ownership, which created inequality, he felt. Against this view is customary to ask his English 1600's colleague Thomas Hobbes, who believed that man is warlike, and that life in a state of nature was "lonely, feeble, uncomfortable, brutish and short".
If Rousseau had the greatest influence during the Cold War as Hobbes has become more fashionable after the fall of the wall. It is not only the Bronze Age revalued assets, but also the perception of war in ancient times at all. For example, researchers can now perceive the violence that indigenous peoples of the Americas exercised before Columbus. Previously, they were seen as peaceful but had to take up arms when the colonists arrived.
What sparked the revaluation was the book War before Civilization from 1995 by Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor of archeology at Oxford University. In it he shows convincingly that prehistoric warfare harvested significantly more victims than today, in terms of the proportion of the population.
- There have been a number of major excavations, such as Apalle in Uppland, Fosie outside Malmo and Linkoping area. Previously, it looked great on the subject and petroglyphs, now dig out larger burial grounds and nesting sites. It provides better knowledge of everyday life. And it is complemented by the excavations of castles with both military and cultic features, said Jonathan Lindstrom.
- The community was so stratified. At the top were the warlords, as in today's Afghanistan. They were towering figures of high status, but they could also be brutal. It began as early as the Neolithic period, but the scale is growing significantly during the Bronze Age, says Christian Horn.
- The Bronze Age society was complex and like the Vikings. Much of what we thought was new to the Iron Age occurred already during the Bronze Age. We have underestimated both metal scope of trade and movement of people. During the Bronze Age was the first globalization, says Kristian Kristiansen.
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2. More Rabbinical Confirmations of the Exile.
We take the position that the Ten Tribes were exiled and ARE STILL IN EXILE , and separate from Judah, as a given fact.
Many sources confirm this and we often quote them.
Nevertheless there are still those who dispute this truth as our recent polemic articles concerning the viewpoint of Earnest Martin made clear.
See:
Truly Earnest. A Reply to Ernest L. Martin, Ph.D.
http://hebrewnations.com/articles/polemics/martin.html
In light of the above, the following sources are of interest.
Mishbetsot Zahav by Shabtai Shaptil Wiess, Jerusalem 5771, on 2-Kings 17:6.
2-Kings 17:
6 In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria; he carried the Israelites away to Assyria. He placed them in Halah, on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.
# It is written in 'Kehilat Yaacov': ...they were cast out to another land, as of this day [Deuteronomy 29:27], they did not return in the time of Ezra. Whether or not they will return in the future is controversial.... #
# HaRama MePano [40. HaKo"d 4:13] "They were not scattered throughout all the world as Judah was. The purpose of the Exile [of Judah] is to purify the places they come to and to spread awareness of Heaven. The Exiles of Samaria however did not include Torah Sages, they were idol worships, there was therefore no point in scattering them throughout the world."#
The work "Kehilat Yaacov" was written by The Steipler, Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky (1899-1985). He is considered one of the greatest recent authorities of the Jewish world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_Yisrael_Kanievsky
Extract:
...the Bolshevik Revolution was in full swing and Rabbi Kanievsky was conscripted into the Red Army. In spite of the harsh conditions, he continued to strictly observe all the mitzvot. Once, during his army stint, Rabbi Kanievsky was Court-martialled for "failing to do his duty" when there was a possibility of breaking the Sabbath. He was forced to walk between two rows of soldiers who were ordered to beat him as he passed. In later years, Rabbi Kanievsky remarked that the satisfaction he had enjoyed for making a stand for his religious convictions was an achievement never again equaled for the rest of his life.
HaRama MePano is Menahem Azariah da Fano
(1548, Fano , Mantua, 1620)
was an Italian rabbi, Talmudist, and Kabbalist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Azariah_da_Fano
He is also considered an authority whose popularity seems to be increasing.
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3. Canaanites in Ancient South Turkey
E. Adams
# "Genesis 10 genealogy of the sons/tribes of Canaan as including Heth (Kilikia, cf. the tradition preserved in Bar Hebraeus that the Canaanites took possession of Southern Anatolia) and Hamath (Kadesh),and the Amorites". In other words Canaan stretched from the Nile to the Euphrates and included in geographical terms part of southern Turkey.
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4. A Place named Germanikah as capital of Ancient Assyria?
Arab authors during the Dark Ages stated Assyrians and Germans are from the same source. Barhebraeus and Muslim tradition also
linked the Persian-era settlement of Germanikah of Mosul (Nineveh) to them [7]. This was the site of Nineveh the former capital of Assyria.
Martin Gemol, "Israelites und Hyksos", Leipzig, 1913, pp. 88-90;
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5. Research by Dublin based scientists reveals that ancient Europeans were lactose intolerant
http://irisharchaeology.ie/2014/10/research-by-dublin-based-scientists-reveals-that-ancient-europeans-were-lactose-intolerant/
Extracts:
Professor Dan Bradley from the Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin and co-senior author on the paper, added:
"Our results also imply that the great changes in prehistoric technology including the adoption of farming, followed by the first use of the hard metals, bronze and then iron, were each associated with the substantial influx of new people. We can no longer believe these fundamental innovations were simply absorbed by existing populations in a sort of cultural osmosis."
As part of an international team of scientists, Professors Bradley and Pinhasi examined ancient DNA extracted from thirteen individuals who had been buried at various archaeological sites in the Great Hungarian Plain, an area known to have been at the crossroads of major cultural transformations during European prehistory.
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6. A Barbary Ape Skull from Navan Fort, Co. Armagh
http://irisharchaeology.ie/2014/05/a-barbary-ape-skull-from-navan-fort-co-armagh/
The ape skull from the roundhouse was subsequently radiocarbon dated to c. 390-20 BC, placing it firmly in the Early Iron Age. During this period it is likely that wild Barbary apes were largely confined to North Africa, which suggests that the Navan Fort primate underwent a considerable journey to reach Ireland.
There is some evidence in the classical sources that these exotic animals may have been traded as pets (Lynn 2003, p. 50) and Barbary ape remains are recorded from a small number of archaeological sites. These include a specimen from an Iron Age hillfort in Luxembourg and two incomplete skeletons from Roman period sites in Britain (ibid). Although the exact circumstances surrounding the Barbary ape's arrival in Armagh remains a mystery, its presence does indicate the existence of long distance trade routes between Ireland and the Mediterranean world.
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7. Roman contacts with Ireland by Colm Moriarty
Extracts
http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/11/roman-contacts-with-ireland/
More information about Ireland can be found in the 1st century AD writings of Tacitus, a Roman senator and historian. He described Ireland as "a small country in comparison with Britain, but larger than the islands of the Mediterranean. In soil and climate, and in the character and civilisation of its inhabitants, it is much like Britain". He goes on to state that he often heard his father in law the general Agricola "say that Ireland could be reduced and held by a single legion with a fair force of auxiliaries" (see Waddle 1998, 374).
This assertion by Agricola and the possibility of a Roman invasion has been much debated. Dr Richard Warner, formerly of the Ulster Museum, has postulated that a large force of Romans/Romanised Britons may have invaded Ireland in the 1st century AD, probably through the southeast. He based this theory on number of factors, including a scatter of 1st and 2nd century Roman finds from Ireland and the similarity of some tribal names seen on Ptolemy's map and those known from Britain and Gaul. He also speculated that a myth concerning an Irish Prince who returned from Britain with an army to seize power may have been based on reality. Could this be the same prince that Tacitus refers to when he states that Agricola welcomed " an exiled Irish prince in the hope of one day making use of him"? Although this is a very interesting theory, it remains unproven.
The question of whether the Romans invaded Ireland remains unanswered, although the current archaeological evidence would suggest that there were no large scale military incursions. For example, sites normally associated with the Roman military in Britain, such as large square/rectangular forts and linear, well-made roads, are conspicuously absent from the Irish archaeological record. It does seem, however, that there were extensive trade contacts between Ireland and Britain and it is likely that Romanised Britons and indeed Romans themselves would have been regular visitors to Irish shores. They probably came to trade, make political alliances, and to visit sacred sites such as Newgrange. Some may even have stayed long enough to form small communities, who chose to bury their dead according to Roman custom. Indeed, one of these immigrants was have to a profound effect on Irish history. After all, St. Parick, the patron saint of Ireland and the bringer of Christianity to the island, was a Roman Briton.
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8. Archeologists revise image of ancient Celts
http://www.dw.de/archeologists-revise-image-of-ancient-celts/a-16528844
Extracts:
The Celts were long considered a barbaric and violent society. But new findings from a 2,600-year-old grave in Germany suggest the ancient people were much more sophisticated than previously thought.
The little Bettelbohl stream on the Danube River was completely unknown, except to local residents. But that changed in the summer of 2010 when a spectacular discovery was made just next to the creek.
Not far from the Heuneburg, the site of an early Celtic settlement, researchers stumbled upon the elaborate grave of a Celtic princess. In addition to gold and amber, they found a subterranean burial chamber fitted with massive oak beams. It was an archeological sensation that, after 2,600 years, the chamber was completely intact.
The result could change our view of the Celts. Roman writers in particular described the heterogeneous people as barbaric, only excelling in violence and war. But that's a distorted view, according to Dirk L. Krausse from Baden-Wurttemberg's state office for historic preservation.
"There's also a bit of propaganda involved, since the Celts conquered Rome in the year 387 B.C., so they couldn't have been so primitive," Krausse explained. The findings at the Heuneburg near Hundersingen also indicate that the Celts living in the upper Danube region were more advanced than previously thought.
The Heuneburg was an important hub for the Celts
The Heuneburg is a center of Celtic culture in south-western Germany. In its heyday, giant security walls in the area protected a city of as many as 10,000 people. Wealthy members of society led lives of luxury: Etruscan gold jewelry, Greek wine, and Spanish tableware were all traded here. The Celtic princess's grave supports the hypothesis that her people were interested in culture and comfort.
Elaborate pearl earrings, solid gold clasps, an amber necklace and a bronze belt are just some of the findings from the grave that baffle the archeologists.
The researches are also hoping to learn more about the Celts' wars of domination - one of the greatest mysteries of central European history. Experts still don't know why the Celts were advancing quickly from the sixth century B.C. until the birth of Christ and then abruptly disappeared from the scene.
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9. The English words ANY, MANY, and the Hebrew AIN and Ha-Mon
any (adj.)
http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=any&searchmode=none
Old English "einig "any, anyone," literally "one-y," from Proto-Germanic *ainagas (cognates: Old Saxon enig, Old Norse einigr, Old Frisian enich, Dutch enig, German einig), from PIE *oi-no- "one, unique" (see one). The -y may have diminutive force here.
Hebrew: None, where from (as in"me-ain"). In Hebrew it connotes "no-one" and in English "any-one".
Linguistically it would be very easy for the two meanings to coincide.
Many (adj.)
Old English monig, manig "many, many a, much," from Proto-Germanic *managaz (cognates: Old Saxon manag, Swedish mongen, Old Frisian manich, Dutch menig, Old High German manag, German manch, Gothic manags), from PIE *menegh- "copious" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic munogu "much, many," Old Irish menicc, Welsh mynych "frequent," Old Irish magham "gift"). Pronunciation altered by influence of any (see manifold).
Hebrew: Moneh (count), Ha-Mon i.e. mon (many).