New History

A Revision of ALL Conventional Histories of Judah and Israel

For background articles to this one see the List under the heading CHRONOLOGY.

https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3915966/jewish/Timeline-of-Jewish-History.htm

World History:

Note: The article below is derived from disparate sometimes contradictory sources BUT it contains valuable information and is worth reading.

Contents:
1. Differences in Chronology Counting.
2. Scientific Chronology methods.
3. Midrashim and Creation.
4. The Flood.
5. Western Hunter Gatherers.
6.  EEFs Neolithics and Megaliths. The Genetic Bonds Between Kurds and Jews.
7.  Bell Beakers. DIFFERENT AGES OVERLAPPED!
8. Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age.
9. Neolithics? R1b and Immunity from the Plague?
10. Bell Beakers.
11. Bell Beakers and the Celts.  The Return of the Neolithic EEFs?
12. Biblical Summary.

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1. Differences in Chronology Counting.

We have ancient histories, modern histories, and dates we assume everyone agrees upon. From what we have at present going backwards it is all recorded. The further back we go the less certain can we be. Do you know when Rome was founded? Is the date agree upon? What about Alexander the Great? The Book of Daniel contains prophecies about the rise and fall of empires, the coming of the Messiah, and the end times. We hear of a statue with different metals representing kingdoms (Daniel 2), the prophecy of seventy weeks (Daniel 9), and visions of beasts (Daniel 7 & 8). It would help to know what time-table is being referred to. Did you know that the discrepancy between Rabbinical Tradition and Greek Historians concering certain key events in the Persian Empire is almost 160 years? Maybe the Rabbis are right? Apart fromt that this issue has other implications. Maybe everything they tell us about Ancient History is incorrect? Do they have the times wrong? Did events they say took place tens of thousands of years ago really take place a few centuries back? And if they did what difference does it make? Who really cares? Well we do, and do should you. Listen up.

Chronology:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Jewish_chronology
Modern-day chroniclers contend that from Darius the Great of Persia who laid the foundation of the Second Temple to Alexander the Great of Greece-Macedonia there was a span of 190 years. This is in contrast to Rabbinical Chronology that claims only a mere 40 years.
i.e. Rabbinical Jews say that Alexander lived 40 years after Darius rather than 190.

Jews say the 2nd Temple was destroyed in the lunar month Av (August), in 68 CE (rather than in year 70). This they say was 420 years after it was built, i.e. it had been built in 352 BCE.
It was built in the time of the Persian King Darius the Great (Darius b. Hystaspes), Ezra 6:15, in the sixth-year of his reign which began in 358 BCE. Conventional chronology says he reigned 521 BCE-486 BCE a 163-year disparity.

The Midrash Seder Olam has contracted the Persian period into 34 years, explained by Rashi to mean the time span between the building of the Second Temple under Darius in 352 BC and Alexander the Great's rise to power in 318 BCE.

Not all Rabbinical authorities necessarily agree with this. For a dispute-discussion among Rabbinical Authorities concerning the Chronology see: "Comparative Jewish Chronology" in "Selected Speeches," by Rabbi Shimon Schwab. 1991.
https://web.stevens.edu/golem/llevine/rsrh/comparative_jewish_chronology.pdf

Both the Conventional Chronology and that of the Rabbis are problematic according to our limited understanding.

Nevertheless, we prefer to work with the Rabbinical accounting.

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2. Scientific Chronology methods.

One well known method is Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating is a method used to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in a sample. It relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, an unstable isotope, which begins to decay into nitrogen-14 after an organism dies. By measuring the remaining carbon-14 and knowing its half-life (5,730 years), scientists can estimate the time elapsed since the organism's death. This method is unreliable and simply misleading see:

See: Doesn't hold water!
Radiocarbon Dating De-Bunked Easily.

Numerous other methods are also used.
See:
Chronological Dating
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_dating

See Also:
Archaeological Science.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_science
Dating techniques

Some of the other dating techniques include:
Dendrochronology - for dating trees; also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates by seeing if results from the two methods agree with each other.
Thermoluminescence dating - for dating inorganic material including ceramics.
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) - for absolutely dating and relatively profiling buried land-surfaces in vertical and horizontal stratigraphic sections, most often by measuring photons discharged from grains of quartz within sedimentary bodies.
Electron spin resonance, as used (for example) in dating teeth.
Potassium-argon dating -= for dating (for example) fossilized hominid remains by association with volcanic sediments (the fossils themselves are not directly dated).

We may return to these matters later.
Meanwhile we are relating to them as unreliable or only partially relevant. We do not reject them altogether BUT proofs exist AGAINST THEM and we have Biblical Consideration to take cognizance of.

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3. Midrashim and Creation.
An opinion given in a Midrash (one of several early Rabbinical Traditions) says that the world was created and destroyed and then re-created 974 times before the present one came into existence. The last creation took place ca. 5,700 years ago when man as we know him came into existence. That is what concerns us
See:
Rabbi Brown.
Divine Command. An Alternative to Conventional Evolutionist Doctrine.
https://hebrewnations.com/alternate/brown.html

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4. The Flood.
From the time of Creation to the Deluge the world changed.
The Flood covered all the earth and destroyed all humanity apart from Noah and his family.
What interests us is the period after the Flood of 2105 BCE.

This survey may well eventually cover the whole world. For the sake of convenience we will begin with Ireland and Britain. Most of this also applies to the rest of Western Europe with some changes.

Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Britain is the period of the earliest known occupation of Britain by humans. Britain was at first joined to the northeast to Europe then it became an island. There was a region known as "Doggerland" which was once above water but it is now submerged. This linked the Island of Britain with the Europeran Continent. It was submerged according to conventional understanding long ago but it may have happened relatively recently.
There was some sparse often intermittent habitation in Britain then came the period known to the experts as the Younger Dryas ca. 12000 years BP (before present).
Britain was uninhabitable.
This may have been the period of the Flood.
All over the earth local legends speak of a universal flood from which only one righteous man and his family survived. They gave rise to the rest of humanity.
Evidence of a flood also exists in the geological record of every place.
Scientists recognize this but they do not necessarily admit that the flood in one area was contemporaneous with that in another.

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5. Western Hunter Gatherers:

The first settlers of Britain and Ireland after the Flood were "Mesolithic" Hunter-Gathers (H-G). The Western H-Gs were different from those in the east.
There were 2 waves of H-G, the 2nd was linked to the Middle East. Their YDNA haplogroups belonged to the IJK group found in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

Later Western Hunter Gatherers

Later WHGs share a closer genetic relationship to ancient and modern peoples in the Middle East and the Caucasus than earlier European hunter-gatherers.

Europe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer
WHG associated remains belonged primarily to the human Y-chromosome haplogroups I (I-M170) with a lower frequency of C (C-F3393), which has been found commonly among earlier Paleolithic European remains. The paternal haplogroup C-V20 can still be found in men living in modern Spain, attesting to this lineage's longstanding presence in Western Europe. The Villabruna cluster (in Northern Italy) also carried the Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b-L754), derived from the Ancient North Eurasian haplogroup R*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia." Their mitochondrial (female) chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U5.

One source gives Irish ancestry: as 60% Bronze Age Steppe, 25% Neolithic 15% Later Celtic and others.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wS-MtY3968
WHGs represent a major population shift within Europe at the end of the Ice Age, probably a population expansion into continental Europe, from Southeastern European or West Asian refugia.
Most Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of WHG, EEF, and Western Steppe Herders (WSHs) from the Pontic-Caspian steppe. WHGs also contributed ancestry to other ancient groups such as Early European Farmers (EEF), who were, however, mostly of Anatolian descent.[8] With the Neolithic expansion, EEF came to dominate the gene pool in most parts of Europe, although WHG ancestry had a resurgence in Western Europe from the Early Neolithic to the Middle Neolithic.

Female Haplogroup mtU5 and its subclades U5a and U5b (associated with WHG) today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among Sami, Finns, and Estonians.
Female mtU5 was the main haplogroup of Mesolithic European Hunter Gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%. In other words even after the Bell Beaker take-over in Europe about 20% of the womenfolk still had WHG ancestry.

The modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively (WHG) my(female)U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2). In other words all their female ancestors in the female line descedn from Hunter-Gatherers,

It should be noted that in this article we are quoting feely from encyclopediac-type artices.The sources do not all agree with each other or even with themselves.

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6. EEFs Neolithics and Megaliths.

After the WHGs came the EEFs (Early European Farmers) who introduced the Neolithic Age. They were responsible for most of the Megalithic Monuments (dolmens, etc). They came from Anatolia and the Near East i.e. from the area of Ancient Israel.
Their DNA is the same as, or similar to, that of the present-day Jews, Turks, Kurds, and (at a father distance) the Palestinians and Armenians. Every group in this region has similar DNA. The Palestinians are also similar but have intrusions from Arabia and Africa.

# Genetic studies suggest that Jews, Kurds, and Turks share some degree of genetic relatedness, with Jews being more closely related to populations in the northern Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors. This is supported by studies indicating a shared ancestry among these groups, likely stemming from ancient populations in the region. #

We do not consider the transmission of DNA markers to be wholly hereditary but rather possible evidence of Geographical Proximity at crucial moments similar to the transmission of transposons (genetic viruses) in our time.

The Genetic Bonds Between Kurds and Jews
https://www.jcfk.org/insight/132-the-genetic-bonds-between-kurds-and-jews
# In 2001, a team of Israeli, German, and Indian scientists discovered that the majority of Jews around the world are closely related to the Kurdish people -- more closely than they are to the Semitic-speaking Arabs or any other population that was tested.
# Ariella Oppenheim of the Hebrew University of Israel wrote that this new study revealed that Jews have a closer genetic relationship to populations in the northern Mediterranean (Kurds, Anatolian Turks, and Armenians) than to populations in the southern Mediterranean (Arabs and Bedouins).

Contrary to conventional understanding we understand that similarity of DNA does not always mean any racial relationship but rather that at a crucial time their ancestors were in the same areas.

In ca. 500 BCE the Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered. Part of the Exiles were taken by SEA to areas of Western Europe. Another section was taken to the "Cities of the Medes" and to regions in present-day Kurdistan, and Armenia, etc. From these places the Netholithic Settlers of Britian emerged bringing their Megalithic (dolmens etc) culture with them. They came especially via Spain but also from Central Europe. In Neolithic Britain, the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among men was I, particularly I2a2a-M223.

Some Earlier Scientific reports used to trace the Neolithic Immigrants in Europe to the Aegean i.e. the area of Ancient Greece. This eviden tly was a mistaken analysis.
Today, ALL SOURCES say they emanated from ancient Anatolia (the part of Turkey east of Istanbul) and the Near East. i.e. the area of Greater Israel including Judah, Israel, Edom, Moab, Ammon, and other areas.
The Neolithic Population in Britian had included about 20% Late Western Hunter-Gatherers..Towards the end of the Neolithic Age in Europe YDNA may have become predominantly R1b and it was to become almost completely so shortly after, i.e. the Changeover took place during the Copper Age leading into the Bronze Age. The Bell Beakers were also R1b but the change occurred before their coming.

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7. Bell Beakers.
From 90% to 80% of the Neolithic Population in Ireland and Britain was replaced by the Bell Beakers.
The Bell Beakers in the beginning were tall and round-header and fair of skin sometime redhaired. Their descendants became long-headed. They were all R1b.
The Bell Beakers were followed by related R1b peoples like themselves.

The Bell Beaker Culture was linked to Spain and the Corded War Culture of Eastern Europe but they were NOT ethnically related.
The Corded War Culture had much R1a where as in the west the BBs were all R1b. In Spain the Bell beakers had Neolithic type DNA.

"Britain, where the spread of the Beaker culture introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, to the point of replacement of about 90% of the local Neolithic-derived lineages."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture

Historical craniometric studies found that the Beaker people appeared to be of a different physical type than those earlier populations in the same geographic areas. They were described as tall, heavy boned and brachycephalic, i.e. they were roundheaded whereas all those who came before them and all those who came after had longheads like Western European today. The BBs are described as having "Steppe" ancestry meaning the area north of the Black Sea but attempts at being more precise are problematic.

# Both men and women with Steppe ancestry participated in the turnover in Neolithic Britain, as evidenced by the rise of the paternal haplogroup R1b-M269 and maternal haplogroups I, R1a and U4. The paternal haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals, but represented more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain.[5] The study also found that the Bell Beaker arrivals in Neolithic Britain had significantly higher genetic variants associated with light skin and eye pigmentation than the local population, but low frequencies of the SNP associated with lactase persistence in modern Europeans.[5] # `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture.

DIFFERENT AGES OVERLAPPED!

Also the different ages tend to overlap:

Extract:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic#Europe
ca.
In one sample ... in Hagen, (West Germany) it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people [i.e. H-Gs] maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area; such societies may be called "Subneolithic". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated the adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherers in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members. In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the Medieval period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in Scandinavia no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred "Older Stone Age" moving into the "Younger Stone Age".

In other words well into Christian Times there were still groups of H-Gs ranging over parts of Northern Europe alongside other well-settled communities!

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8. Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age.
The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age Period) is associated with earlier Hunter-Gather (H-G) people.
This was followed by the Neolithic (New Stone Age) including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery.

"By around 4000 BC, the island was populated by people with a Neolithic culture. This neolithic population had significant ancestry from the earliest farming communities in Anatolia [i.e. Greater Israel], indicating that a major migration accompanied farming.
The beginning of the Bronze Age and the Bell Beaker culture was marked by an even greater population turnover, this time displacing more than 90% of Britain's neolithic ancestry in the process. This is documented by recent ancient DNA studies which demonstrate that the immigrants had large amounts of Bronze-Age Eurasian Steppe ancestry, associated with the spread of Indo-European languages and the Yamnaya culture."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain
Most extant Megalithic Monuments were erected between the Neolithic period (although earlier Mesolithic examples are known) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age.

The Chalcolithic Period, also known as the Copper Age, is a transitional phase between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, characterized by the initial use of copper alongside stone tools.
It is characterised by the introduction of Megalithic Monuments (dolmens, etc) which continued into the Bronze Age.

Hunter-Gathers (H-G) Mesolithic were followed by Neolithic Early European Farmers (EEF) followed by Bell Beakers (BBs) and others bringing the Bronze Age.
Height of males.
H-G - 6'12" blue eyes, dark hair. [Many sources says the H-Gs had black or very dark skin along with their blue eyes. The dark skin attribute has been disputed and referred to as a "WOKE" -type publicity stunt!
EEF 5'2" brown eyes. dark brown hair.
BB - 5'6" often blue eyes, fair color.

Northwest Europe ca. 50% BB, 25% EEF, 25% HG. Others say (for Britain and Ireland) 90% BB, 10% Neolithic but ca. 15% H-G in Scotland but no Neolithic?

https://hebrewnations.com/features/2bamad/bamad-176.html

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9. Neolithics.
During the Neolithic period in Britain, the dominant Y-DNA haplogroups were I (particularly I2a2a-M223) and G2a, along with others of J1 and T. These haplogroups reflect the genetic makeup of the early farmers who migrated to Britain during the Neolithic period. Assimilated H-Gs were also important.

# There is overwhelming evidence that Neolithic farmers intermingle with some of the Mesolithic foragers they encountered. Haplogroups C1a, F, I1 and I2 were all found next to G2a in various sites tested.
The ancient Y-DNA samples from Atlantic Megalithic cultures tested to date included haplogroups G2a (20 samples), H2, I2a1 (4 samples) and I2a2a. #

In other words, the Neolithics came from Anatolia and the Near East (Israel etc). They were dominated by YDNA haplogroup I and/or G and included elements from the previous Hunter-Gatherer peoples.

Later Western Hunter Gatherers

Later WHGs share a closer genetic relationship to ancient and modern peoples in the Middle East and the Caucasus than earlier European hunter-gatherers.

Europe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer
WHG associated remains belonged primarily to the human Y-chromosome haplogroups I (I-M170) with a lower frequency of C (C-F3393), which has been found commonly among earlier Paleolithic European remains. The paternal haplogroup C-V20 can still be found in men living in modern Spain, attesting to this lineage's longstanding presence in Western Europe. The Villabruna cluster (in Northern Italy) also carried the Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b-L754), derived from the Ancient North Eurasian haplogroup R*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia." Their mitochondrial (female) chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U5.

One source gives Irish ancestry: as 60% Bronze Age Steppe, 25% Neolithic 15% Later Celtic and others.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wS-MtY3968
WHGs represent a major population shift within Europe at the end of the Ice Age, probably a population expansion into continental Europe, from Southeastern European or West Asian refugia.
Most Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of WHG, EEF, and Western Steppe Herders (WSHs) from the Pontic-Caspian steppe. WHGs also contributed ancestry to other ancient groups such as Early European Farmers (EEF), who were, however, mostly of Anatolian descent.[8] With the Neolithic expansion, EEF came to dominate the gene pool in most parts of Europe, although WHG ancestry had a resurgence in Western Europe from the Early Neolithic to the Middle Neolithic.

Female Haplogroup mtU5 and its subclades U5a and U5b (associated with WHG) today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among Sami, Finns, and Estonians.
Female mtU5 was the main mt-haplogroup of Mesolithic European Hunter Gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European Hunter-Gatherers before the influx of Middle Eastern Farmer and Steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%. In other words even after the Bell Beaker take-over in Europe about 20% of the womenfolk still had WHG ancestry.

The modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively (WHG) my(female)U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2). In other words all their female ancestors in the female line descedn from Hunter-Gatherers,

It should be noted that in this article we are quoting feely from encyclopediac-type artices.The sources do not all agree with each other or even with themselves.

The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age Period) is associated with earlier Hunter-Gather (H-G) people.
This was followed by the Neolithic (New Stone Age) including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery.

"By around 4000 BC, the island was populated by people with a Neolithic culture. This neolithic population had significant ancestry from the earliest farming communities in Anatolia [i.e. Greater Israel], indicating that a major migration accompanied farming.
The beginning of the Bronze Age and the Bell Beaker culture was marked by an even greater population turnover, this time displacing more than 90% of Britain's neolithic ancestry in the process. This is documented by recent ancient DNA studies which demonstrate that the immigrants had large amounts of Bronze-Age Eurasian Steppe ancestry, associated with the spread of Indo-European languages and the Yamnaya culture."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain
Most extant Megalithic Monuments were erected between the Neolithic period (although earlier Mesolithic examples are known) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age.

Google AI Overview.

# Neolithic Anatolia's genetic landscape was characterized by a mix of haplogroups, including those associated with early European farmers and local populations. Haplogroups like G2a, J2, and R1b, common in European farmers, were present in Anatolia, reflecting the region's role in the spread of agriculture. Additionally, haplogroups like H and I were also found, suggesting connections to other Near Eastern and European populations. #

Haplogroups associated with early European farmers:

G2a, particularly G2a2b (L30), has been found in Neolithic Anatolian skeletons and is linked to the spread of agriculture from Anatolia. Haplogroup J2, especially J2-M172, is also associated with the spread of Anatolian farmers and is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas, southeastern Europe, and West Asia.
Haplogroups related to local populations:

Haplogroup H, originating in the Near East, is also found in Anatolia. Haplogroup I, common in European hunter-gatherers, also appears in Anatolian samples. Specific subclades of J2, like J2a1h-M319 and J2a1b1-M92, are found in Crete and may reflect Bronze Age expansions from Anatolia.
Other haplogroups:

Haplogroup R1b, common in Europe and West Asia, is also found in Anatolia.

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10. Bell Beakers.

The Bell Beaker cultural phenomenon did not in fact replace the Megalithic culture in western Europe, but coincided with it. The Beaker people continued to use common Megalithic burials (e.g. passage graves) like their Neolithic ancestors.

Quote:
## If we exclude haplogroups of Germanic origins (Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Norman), it can be estimated that over 90% of British and Irish men carried the R1b-L21 Y chromosome by the end of the Bronze Age. This makes R1b-L21 the quintessential Gaelic paternal lineage. It is not clear how such a drastic change in paternal lineages happened, especially since maternal lineages were much less affected by those Celtic migrations. It has been postulated that technologically superior Proto-Celtic warriors, equipped with Bronze weapons and riding on horses, could have massacred or enslaved indigenous men while taking their women, or that they established a ruling elite that passed on more Y chromosomes through sustained polygamy over many centuries. #

The Bell Beaker cultural phenomenon did not in fact replace the Megalithic culture in western Europe, but coincided with it. The Beaker people continued to use common Megalithic burials (e.g. passage graves) like their Neolithic ancestors.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture
Bell Beaker-related haplogroups identified in the Guanches include Y-DNA R1b-M269, mtDNA U5 and mtDNA H4a1. These haplogroups have also been identified in mummies from Ancient Egypt.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

Bell Beaker culture lasted in Britain from c. 2450 BC, with the appearance of single burial graves,[2] until as late as 1800 BC,[3][4] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the Unitice culture.

... it was associated with genetically diverse populations.

From about 2400 BC the Beaker folk culture expanded eastwards, into the Corded Ware horizon.[6] In parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as far east as Poland, a sequence occurs from Corded Ware to Bell Beaker. This period marks a period of cultural contact in Atlantic and Western Europe following a prolonged period of relative isolation during the Neolithic.

The Bell Beaker artefacts (at least in their early phase) are not distributed across a contiguous area, as is usual for archaeological cultures, but are found in insular concentrations scattered across Europe. Their presence is not associated with a characteristic type of architecture or of burial customs. However, the Bell Beaker culture does appear to coalesce into a coherent archaeological culture in its later phase.

A review in 2014 revealed that single burial, communal burial, and reuse of Neolithic burial sites are found throughout the Bell Beaker zone.

The earliest copper production in Ireland, identified at Ross Island in the period 2400-2200 BC, was associated with early Beaker pottery.

However, the same study found that the further dissemination of the mature Beaker complex was very strongly linked to migration. This is true especially for Britain, where the spread of the Beaker culture introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, to the point of replacement of about 90% of the local Neolithic-derived lineages.

A study by Olalde et al. (2018) confirmed a massive population turnover in western Europe associated with the Bell Beaker culture.[5] In Britain the spread of the Bell Beaker culture introduced high levels of Steppe-related ancestry and was associated with a replacement of ~90% of the gene pool within a few hundred years. British Beaker-associated individuals showed strong similarities to central European Beaker-associated individuals in their genetic profile.[5] Both men and women with Steppe ancestry participated in the turnover in Neolithic Britain, as evidenced by the rise of the paternal haplogroup R1b-M269 and maternal haplogroups I, R1a and U4. The paternal haplogroup R1b was completely absent in Neolithic individuals, but represented more than 90% of the Y-chromosomes during Copper and Bronze Age Britain.[5]

The Beakers brought genes with them that would have made lighter skin, blue eyes and blonde hair more common. These displaced the olive-brown skin, dark hair and brown eyes of the previous residents of Britain. The latest findings suggest that they may have also brought the plague. This may have facilitated that their genetic replacement of the Neolithic males.

R1b and Immunity from the Plague?

The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5973796/
# Beaker Complex-associated individuals harboured three main genetic components: one characteristic of European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, one maximized in Neolithic individuals from the Levant and Anatolia, and one maximized in Neolithic individuals of Iran and present in admixed form in Steppe populations. #

All three areas of known or possible origin harbored additional haplogypes alongside R1b. How did R1b come to dominate the migratory movement? Did R1b have an advantage over the others?

cf.
DNA from 4,000 years ago sheds light on how plague came to Britain
https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/dna-from-4-000-years-ago-offers-clue-to-arrival-of-plague-in-britain-r2jwl60gs#:~:text=The%20Beakers%20brought%20genes%20with,have%20also%20brought%20the%20plague.

Stone Age plague accompanying migrants from the steppe, probably Yamna, Balkan EBA, and Bell Beaker, not Corded Ware
https://indo-european.eu/2017/12/stone-age-plague-accompanying-migrants-from-the-steppe-probably-yamna-south-east-eba-and-bell-beaker-not-corded-ware/
In the latest revisions of the Indo-European demic diffusion model, using the results from the article Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago, by Rasmussen et al., Cell (2015), I stated (more or less indirectly) that the high east-west mobility of the Corded Ware migrants across related cultures might have been responsible for the spread of this disease, which seems to have been originally expanded from Central Eurasia.
New results appeared recently in the article The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia, by Valtuena et al., Current Biology (2017), which may contradict that interpretation.

"Studies have shown that haplogroup R1b could have a protective effect on the immune system..."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b

Does R1b provide any protection from the plague? This question has been asked by others and the possibility has been studied.

An AI answer said that:

R1b is not a gene or trait that confers immunity to the plague. R1b is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, meaning it's a genetic marker that indicates ancestry, specifically tracing male lineage through the Y chromosome. The Black Death, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, had a devastating impact on populations across Europe, including those with various haplogroups, including R1b. While some individuals with certain genetic mutations were better equipped to survive the plague, these mutations are not specific to any particular Y-chromosome haplogroup like R1b.

If R1b did confer any advantage in combatting the plague it would explain some questions such as why does R1b travel alone despite originating in areas with mutiple other haplogroups? How does it eliminate the competition in new domains without violence? They did not have DNA tests in those days. Some R1b existed from the beginning among the Neolthics. Towards the end it was on the rise. What was this? Some studies have been carried out on this and related subjects. The scientists are skeptical as to whether any "discriminatory" effect is present. The possibility however exists. It has also been noted that enhaced resistance to one possible affliction may come at the expence of increased susceptibility to another.. Beaker People could not have come from Yamnaya since their phenotype and YDNA is different:

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11. Bell Beakers and the Celts.
The BBs and those who came after them are the Celts. They arrived suddenly in the west in ca. 300 BCE.

Notes on R1b
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.

It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, as well as some parts of (e.g. the Bashkirs) and across the Sahel in Central Africa, namely: Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal (concentrated in parts of Chad with concentration in the Hausa Tribe and among the Chadic-speaking ethnic groups of Cameroon).

The clade is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia as well as parts of North Africa, South Asia and Central Asia.

Olalde et al. (2017) trace the spread of haplogroup R1b-M269 in western Europe, particularly Britain, to the spread of the Beaker culture, with a sudden appearance of many R1b-M269 haplogroups in Western Europe ca. 5000-4500 years BP during the early Bronze Age.

Celts. The Return if the Neolithic EEFs?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles
# Genetic evidence suggests that there was significant migration to Southern Britain of people from the adjacent mainland at the end of the Bronze Age around 1000 BC, around a millennium after the initial Bell-Beaker migration. This migration may have introduced the Celtic languages to Britain. Patterson et al. (2021) believes that these migrants were "genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France" and had higher levels of Early European Farmers (EEF) ancestry.

Cassidy et al. (2025) propose that gene flow across the Channel throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages is a plausible scenario for the introduction of Celtic languages to Britain. They found evidence for a significant increase in EEF ancestry in Middle-to-Late Iron Age individuals from Southern Britain, indicating substantial population movements across the channel during this period. The authors suggest that the further influx of EEF ancestry in the Iron Age may be the result of a secondary migration of Celtic-speaking groups, potentially resulting in linguistic changes in populations who may have already been speaking Celtic languages.

A third study combined the ancient data from both of the preceding studies and compared it to a large number of modern samples from across Britain and Ireland. This study concluded that modern southern, central and eastern English populations were of "a predominantly Anglo-Saxon-like ancestry" whilst those from northern and southwestern England had a greater degree of indigenous origin.[23]

According to a 2024 study, Neolithic farmer ancestries are highest in modern southern and eastern England but lower in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Steppe-related ancestries are inversely distributed, peaking in Scotland, Outer Hebrides and Ireland.

In other words the BBs replaced almost everybody in Ireland and Britian BUT a later immigration into Britian of Celtic Culture brought back EEF elements in the east and south of England.
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12. Biblical Summary.

We comprehend markers for DNA Haplogroups as operating on similar lines to the "DNA Transposon Model." DNA is inherited from its forebears until it changes. After changing it becomes a new entity and transmits itself with the change. That is how new DNA Hapogroups and Haplotypes come into being.

The Lost Ten Tribes LTTS were exiled in 562 (CF. 725 BCE CONVENTIONAL DATE), and by about 400 BCE they had reached Ireland and Britain. They may be equated primarily with Neolithic EEF (Early European Farmers) and perhaps with part of the earlier Western Hunter-gatherers. The EEFs were primarily responsible for Megalithic Monuments whose construction continued into the Bronze and Iron Ages. The EEFs-Neolithics were replaced in the Bronze Age by the Bell Beakers and company who produced Celtic Civilization. The DNA of the EEFs-Neolithics was the same as that of the Jews and related Peoples in the Near East some of whom may have been of the same family, e.g. Edom, Moab, Ammon. The Bell Beakers had a different DNA (R1b) which also had previously been present in areas of Greater Israel and Anatolia and may have originated there alongside haplogroup J2.