Research Notes. Studies of DNA, heredity, and Anthropology that may have some relevance to finding the Lost Ten Tribes.
RESEARCH RESULTS OF INTEREST THAT MAY, OR MAY NOT, BE ENTIRELY RELIABLE.
See Also:
BAMAD
Brit-Am Anthropology and DNA Update.
Discoveries in Anthropology, Heredity, and DNA of potential interest to Brit-Am Researches.
Contents:
1. 350 Ancestors for all the Ashkenazim!
2. Ashkenazi Haplogroup R1a is uniquely Jewish??!
3. Jews and Cohens.
4. Can DNA Change?
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1. 350 Ancestors for all the Ashkenazim!
The Hidden Origins of Ashkenazi Jews Will Shock You
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBi7pe2bBls
Excerpts:
All modern Ashkenazi Jews, over 10 million souls, descend
from a mere 350 ancestors. Not a city, not a nation. 350 humans. A bottleneck...
Not in tombstones, in mitochondria, in the
genomes of millions. Today is the echo
of four women four founders unnamed,
unknown, but biologically mothers to
nearly half the Ashkenazi world
Y chromosome traces hidden deep in the male line, whisper of
a journey across continents. Not Roman, not Frankish, but Levantine, Middle
Eastern, unmistakably Semitic. Up to 80% of Ashkenazi men carry this code.
That same priestly signature, you'll find it not just in Jews, but in Kurds, in
Bedouin, in forgotten villages, hugging the fertile crescent. Different
languages, different rituals, same ancient father.
That same
priestly signature, you'll find it not
just in Jews, but in Kurds, in
Bedouin, in forgotten villages,
hugging the Fertile Crescent. Different
languages, different rituals, sam
ancient father.
Autotosomal DNA
reveals it plainly. A near-perfect
blend. 50% Middle Eastern, 50% European.
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2. Ashkenazi Haplogroup R1a is uniquely Jewish??!
29 December 2025, 9 Tevet 5786.
Surprise: Ashkenazi Founding Mothers Are Middle Eastern
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uofZwLWMcpM
DNA
Excerpt:
Ashkenazi Haplogroup R1a is uniquely Jewish??!
R1a is very one predominant
among Russians, Ukrainians,
Bellarusians, and Poles. In certain
clusters of Ashkanazi male populations,
its frequency reaches 50%. But there is
a nuance among Jews. It is represented
by a specific subbranch R1A M582.
Almost never found among non-Jewish
Slavs. This suggests that it is not a
direct borrowing but a unique line
likely formed within the Jewish
environment of Eastern Europe.
Nevertheless, the fact remains
genetically Ashkanazim are much closer
to local Slavs than, for example, to
Sephrodim or Misraim.
Fathers carriers of Middle Eastern and
Eurasian Y chromosomes. Mothers almost
entirely of European origin. Such a
demographic model suggests a small group
of male migrants who arrived in Europe
with an already established religious
identity. These men, perhaps merchants,
missionaries, or exiles, founded
communities and married local women,
often converted to Judaism. Thus arose a
unique symbiosis.
Ashkenazi Jews make up a tiny percentage of the world's
population. Yet their share among Nobel
laureates, outstanding scientists,
writers, and cultural figures is
astonishingly high. How can this be
explained?
Scientists noted in this
population rare hereditary diseases such
as Tay-Sax disease, Bloom syndrome,
Gauser's disease, and certain forms of
breast cancer associated with mutations
in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes occur
unusually often. All this is the result
of the so-called bottleneck effect when
a small isolated group gives rise to
future generations passing on a limited
set of genes. In the case of Ashkanazim,
this may have occurred in the Middle
Ages when Jewish communities in Eastern
Europe were small and closed. But it was
precisely thanks to these mutations that
it became possible to trace the group's
origins and migrations with
unprecedented precision. The genetic
price of survival was high, but it gave
science a unique material for decoding
history. From the beginning of the 20th
century, scientists were intrigued by
the phenomenon. Ashkenazi Jews make up a
tiny percentage of the world's
population. Yet their share among Nobel
laureates, outstanding scientists,
writers, and cultural figures is
astonishingly high. How can this be
explained? There are two versions. The
first is genetic. Supposedly, within the
closed community, selection for
intelligence occurred over centuries.
Men with outstanding abilities became
rabbis, spiritual leaders, and had more
children.
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3. Jews and Cohens 29 December 2025, 9 Tevet 5786.
DNA Jews (Ashkenazis)
Ashkenazi Jews
Europe.
Males:
60% Middle East
40 % European
European component - Southern.
Females: Mixed.
In 2011, Moorjani et al.detected 3%-5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations (Ashkenazi Jews, Syrian Jews, Iranian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Greek Jews, Turkish Jews, Italian Jews) that they analyzed.
Moroccan Jews 31% European
The study found that Yemenite, Ethiopian, and Georgian Jews formed their own distinctive, genetically linked clusters.
The closest people related to Jewish groups were the Palestinians, Bedouins, Druze, Greeks, and Italians.
Claimed that Yemenite Jews from local converts BUT this contradicts other facts.
In a 2009 study by Kopelman et al.,
The Tunisian Jews were found to be distinct from three other Jewish populations, which suggests, according to the authors, a greater genetic isolation or a significant local Berber ancestry, as in the case of Libyan Jews.
Ashkenazi Jews no.1
R1a 12.7
E1b1B 22.8
J 44%
Ashkenazi Jews no.2
E1B1B 19.7
J 38%
G 7%
Approximately 35% to 43% of Jewish men are in the paternal line known as haplogroup J.
This haplogroup is particularly present in the Middle East and Southern Europe.
A 2009 study by Hammer et al. refined this understanding, identifying J-P58 (or J1E) as the most common haplogroup among Cohanim, accounting for 46.1% of their lineages.
A study on Levites highlighted a high proportion (~50%) of haplogroup R1a-M582, which is said to further indicates a Near Eastern origin rather than European ancestry.
Investigations by Nebel et al.[87] on the Y-haplotypes (paternal lineages) of Ashkenazi Jews, Kurdish and Sephardi (North Africa, Turkey, Iberian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria) indicate that Jews are more genetically similar to groups in the northern Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks and Armenians) than their Arab neighbors
In Ashkenazi (and Sephardi) Jews, the most common paternal lineages generally are E1b1b, J2, and J1, with others found at lesser rates.
For G. Lucotte et al.,[88] the R1b frequency is about 11%.[f] In 2004, when the calculation was made excluding Jews from the Netherlands the R1b rate was 5% - 11.6%.[90]
However, 11.5% of male Ashkenazim, and more specifically 50% of the Levites while 1.7% of the Cohanim,[91] were found to belong to R1a1a (R-M17), the dominant Y chromosome haplogroup in Eastern European populations.
Furthermore, 7%[90][81] of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found among the Pashtuns and on a lower scale, it is mainly found among members of all major Jewish ethnic groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese. Behar et al. suggest that those haplogroups are minor Ashkenazi founding lineages.[90]
The studies of Shen[96] and Hammer et al.[82] show that the paternal genes of Yemenite Jews are very similar to those of other Jewish populations. They include Y haplogroups A3b2, E3b3a, E3b1, E3b1b, J1a, J2e, R1b10, and the lowest frequency found was Haplogroup T-M184 2/94 2.1% in one sample.
The last study, conducted in 2009 by Hammer and Behar et al.,[81] says 20 of the 21 Cohen haplogroups have no single common young haplogroup; five haplogroups comprise 79.5% of all haplogroups of Cohen. Among these first 5 haplogroups, J-P58 (or J1E) accounts for 46.1% of Cohen,
and the second major haplogroup, J-M410 or J2a accounts for 14.4%.
Y-chromosomal Aaron
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Aaron
The original scientific research was based on the hypothesis that a majority of present-day Jewish Kohanim share a pattern of values for six Y-STR markers, which researchers named the extended Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH).[4]
Subsequent research using twelve Y-STR markers indicated that nearly half of contemporary Jewish Kohanim shared Y-chromosomal J1 M267 (specifically haplogroup J-P58, also called J1c3), while other Kohanim share a different ancestry, such as haplogroup J2a (J-M410).[5]
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4. Can DNA Change?
In our recent article, "Bell-Beaker Culture. DNA change in the same persons?"
https://hebrewnations.com/articles/dna/beaker.html
we noted the relatively sudden appearance of Bell-Beakers with very few females in the west and the concomitant disappearance of the previous male population.
They were replaced by males bearing R1b.
In neighboring Poland a similar event occurred but here the replacement was done by R1a but the replacement was temporarily reversed with the originally haplogroup 1
disappearing, then becoming predominant again, only to once again disappear.
We suggested that an answer might lie in DNA changing but its bearers remaining the same.
Further Indications to this phenomenon may be found in Jewish DNA.
# R1a is very one predominant among Russians, Ukrainians, Bellarusians, and Poles. In certain
clusters of Ashkanazi male populations [i.e. Levites]., its frequency reaches 50%. But there is a nuance among Jews. It is represented
by a specific subbranch R1A M582. Almost never found among non-Jewish Slavs. This suggests that it is not a
direct borrowing but a unique line likely formed within the Jewish environment of Eastern Europe. #
What does that mean? Jews were in southeast Europe for centuries but not in Russia.
# Since the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement (1791-1917) within Russia, the territory where they could live or to which they could immigrate. #
R1a is considered a native Slavic marker. How could Jews develop their own unique type? How much time did they have to do so?
Claims were made that maybe the Jews had R1A M582 before they came to Slavic areas? Why then is it now mainly apparent in Slavic regions?
On the other hand,
R1a-M582 is found among ca. 50% of European Levites. Membership of the Levites passes from father to son. In Theory it should be similar to the Cohens, but it does not. Could it be that the Levites arrived from the Middle East and underwent changes that affected ca. 50 % of them turning them into R1A M582 according to the environment and their initial specialize difference. This on the background of the sorrounding R1a in general?
At the least this should indicate that the dynamics of Genetic Formation are much faster than is conventionally accepted.
Amongst the Jews you find mainstream Jews, Levites, and Cohens.
In the past,Jewish males were often described as ca. 30% J, 22% 1, 20% E1b1b, 10 G, R1a 12%, 12% R1b, These are the relative proportions BUT for more exact figures look up the specialized articles.
The Sephardim are similar but the relative proportions are different. Some statistics is leave out R1a, or R1b altogether.
Some figures used to give for Cohanim ca. 70% J. This was divided between J1 and J2 in differing proportions. About 40% of the Cohanim have the CHM or Cohen gene. This is found in both J1 and J2.
How is this so?
cf. the following:
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Haplogroup - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup
For example, if a set of ten Y chromosomes (derived from ten different individuals) contains a mutation, A, but only five of these chromosomes contain a second mutation, B, then it is overwhelmingly likely that mutation B occurred after mutation A.
Furthermore, all ten individuals who carry the chromosome with mutation A are the direct male line descendants of the same man who was the first person to carry this mutation. The first man to carry mutation B was also a direct male line descendant of this man, but is also the direct male line ancestor of all men carrying mutation B. Series of mutations such as this form molecular lineages. Furthermore, each mutation defines a set of specific Y chromosomes called a haplogroup.
All humans carrying mutation A form a single haplogroup, and all humans carrying mutation B are part of this haplogroup, but mutation B also defines a more recent haplogroup (which is a subgroup or subclade) of its own to which humans carrying only mutation A do not belong. Both mtDNA and Y chromosomes are grouped into lineages and haplogroups; these are often presented as tree-like diagrams.
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This is saying that a haplogroup has certain features. If a haplogroup splits in two then all the original features should remain in both parties.
J1 and J2 should be the same as each other with an addition of whatever divided them.
How then do we find the Cohen Gene in both bodies?
The most simple explanation is that the same influences were exerted on both parties after their division.
This means that genes can change en masse, in large numbers, at later dates, and relatively quickly.
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