Changes and Reversals in DNA Types. 9 September 2025, 16 Elul 5785.
Polish Genetics.
RESEARCH RESULTS OF INTEREST THAT MAY, OR MAY NOT, BE ENTIRELY RELIABLE.
Summary: Rough Picture.
The female mtDNA of Poland has always been the same since ca. 1000 BCE. It is more than 40% mtU like that of Spain and Portugal.
The earliest YDNA was R1b and similar to that of Present-day Poland.
At some stage the male population became I1 similar to that of Scandinavia.
They remained that way for 100s of years. In about 400 CE to 600 CE the I1 males were replaced by very similar R1b returning (?).
In both cases the 2 replacements (the first R1b by I1 and then the I1 by R1b "returning") were not marked by violence or extermination but simply replacement.
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Sources:
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https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C77336%2Cvast-majority-people-poland-come-seven-european-clan-mothers.html
Nearly half of Poles are descendants of the female genetic line Helena, named after one of the "European Clan Mothers". This line is most common in Western Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal.
Most Poles - approx. 43 percent - come from the genetic line called Helena
Other common genetic lines in Poland are U (Ursula) - approx. 20 percent and J (Jasmine) - about 10 percent.
The oldest examples of mtU are from Greece.
MtJ first known froim the Middle East and the Balkans.
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https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)
Haplogroup I (the letter I, not the number 1) can be found in most present-day European populations, most commonly in Scandinavia, Sardinia, and the Slavic & Bulgarian populations of the Western Balkans in southeastern Europe.
File:Europe20000ya.pngEuropean LGM refuges, 20 kya.
Solutrean and Proto Solutrean Cultures
Epi Gravettian Culture
Based on DNA dating analyses, Haplogroup I first arrived in Europe around 20,000-25,000 years ago from the Middle East, just prior to the onset of the last glacial maximum (LGM). Some speculate this migration was associated with the initial spread of the Gravettian culture[2]. Haplogroup I is closely related to Haplogroup J, most common in Semitic peoples; both Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J are descendants of Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22). Haplogroup IJ is in turn derived from Haplogroup F that formed a founding middle east population 30-40kya.
There are two principal subgroups of Haplogroup I (Y-DNA):
I-M253/I-M307/I-P30/I-P40 has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe.
I-S31 includes I-P37.2, common in the Balkans and Sardinia, and I-S23/I-S30/I-S32/I-S33, reaching its highest frequency along the northwest coast of continental Europe.[1]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland
The roots of Polish history can be traced to ancient times, when the territory of present-day Poland was inhabited by diverse ethnic groups, including Celts, Scythians, Sarmatians, Slavs, Balts and Germanic peoples. However, it was the West Slavic Lechites, the closest ancestors of ethnic Poles, who established permanent settlements during the Early Middle Ages.
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Scientists Reveal Surprising Origins Of Polish Genetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVNNrXWqQLA&t=413s
bones of Roman era women buried
near the Vistula River, ....The genetic code
matched modern Polish mothers. Not just
similar, identical HLO groups like H501
and N1012,
uninterrupted, unbroken, stretching back
over 3,000 years. So, here's the
contradiction. While the textbooks tell
us the Slavs migrated in the fifth and
sixth centuries, the maternal DNA never
moved. The women were already there and
they stayed. ....who were the men that came?
Because the fathers, their story is
different. The Y chromosome evidence
passed only from father to son shows a
dramatic shift from Haplo group I1 in
the Iron Age to R1A,
specifically M458 and Z280
dominating the Middle Ages. That's not
just cultural influence, that's a
replacement.
. Before 400 CE, the dominant male lineage was I1 and I1, a
link to older local European groups with
deep roots across Scandinavia and the
northern continent. But by the 10th
century, they were gone. in their place
R1A and not just any R1A subclades like
R198 and R1 AM458
lineages that now make up over half of
Polish male ancestry.
... a genetic conquest. But this
wasn't genocide. There are no mass
graves, no signs of war sweeping across
every village. What we see instead is
integration, intermarriage, local Iron
Age women giving birth to children of
newcomers, a cultural takeover, not by
sword, but by marriage. In 2021, a
groundbreaking study by Stolar Atall
examined 474 ancient skeletons from 27
cemeteries across Poland. The result,
Iron Age men showed northern European
I1 lineages. But just a few hundred
years later, middle-aged males
overwhelmingly carried R1A, a complete
turnover of fathers, not mothers.
Slavic dialects emerging between 500 and 600 CE
began to dominate. Local languages
vanished. Folklore shifted. Burial
customs changed. But the bones, the
maternal bones stayed the same.
Take R1 One of the dominant paternal lineages in
modern Polish men, found in nearly half
of them today. For years, it was assumed
this marker came from the east, carried
by nomads, warriors, migrants. But then
came the shock. A 2022 phogenetic
analysis dated the route of M458
to almost 11,000 years ago. And the
epicenter right here in what we now call
Poland, not Ukraine, not the steppes.
Poland, the homeland of the so-called
invaders, may have always been under
their feet. Even deeper, subclaided
R1260, the most distinctly West Slavic branch
peaks in Poland and Slovakia with the
highest frequencies traced across the
very rivers once believed to be Slavic
frontiers. The Vistula, the Odor, the
Bug, its diversification pattern doesn't
radiate outward. It coils inward like
roots and R1 A280
found from Bellarus to the Baltic Sea,
but centered heavily in Poland. All
three of these subclades suggest the
same unsettling truth that many of the
men labeled as migrants in the 500s may
have simply been coming home.
...genetic
studies from the Lucashian and Tracinia
cultures dating back to the Bronze Age
1,300 - 500 B.CE show a strong presence of R1a
lineages. These were not foreign
warriors. These were local tribes
protoslavic in language maybe, but
genetically undeniably homegrown. So
what happened?
Why did their bloodlines
vanish for centuries only to reappear,
roaring back into dominance during the
early medieval age?. In 2014, a landmark
mitochondrial DNA study by Jurus Etall
analyzed burials from two key periods,
the Roman Iron Age and the Early Middle
Ages. The samples pulled from ancient
cemeteries across Poland showed maternal
Haplogroups that matched modern Polish
populations almost exactly. Haplo groups
like H501 and N12
weren't just present, they were
continuous across nearly 2,000 years.
But the revelations didn't stop there.
In 2023, a genomic analysis published by
Stler and colleagues used over 200
genomewide sequenced individuals from
the Preswor and Wheelbark cultures dated
between 400 B.CE and 500 CE. The result,
overwhelming genetic continuity with
present-day poles, autotosomal DNA, Y
chromosome lineages, and even predicted
phenotypes all aligned. This wasn't just
a trace. This was direct biological
inheritance. And yet archaeologists had
long labeled these cultures as Germanic.
The Presworsk culture was linked to
Vandals and other tribes. The Wheelbar
culture centered in modern northern
Poland was connected to the Goths. These
labels built in the 19th century by
German scholars served political agendas
as much as academic ones. But the bones
had no loyalty. Their DNA shattered the
myth. This is where archeogenetics
confronts propaganda. The Lucatian
culture, which flourished from the late
Bronze Age through the early Iron Age,
spanning 1,300 to 500 B.CE. was once
thought to be pre-Slavic. But new data
shows R1458 and Z280 already embedded in its population, the
same lineages carried by modern Slavic
men. The bodies buried with handmade
ceramics, bronze ornaments, and fire
rituals weren't foreigners. They were
protooles. And yet none of them were
ever called Slavs. That word, that
identity doesn't appear in the record
until the sixth century, right when the
Byzantine historian Proopius suddenly
described a great rising, a flood of
Slavic speaking people moving across the
Danube. But the DNA tells us those people
had been here all along. So if these
cultures, Prisworsk, Lucatian, Wheelbar
were biologically continuous with modern
Poles and their languages were shifting
gradually over centuries, then what
really happened? Because the chronicles
speak of a sudden wave, a great
migration, a flood of strangers. But if
they weren't strangers, then why do the
Chronicles speak of sudden Slavic
floods? Because what the records
describe as a flood may have been
something else entirely. Not a wave of
people, but a wave of language, culture,
identity, autotosomal DNA, the full
genomic picture inherited from both
mother and father tells a story that
challenges everything.