British History. Commentary on the work of Stephen Phillips (SP) by Yair Davidiy of Brit-Am (BAC)
See Also:
Steve Phillips, Irish History Corrected.
Stephen Philllips: Esau in Europe.
Gomer and Germans by Stephen Phillips.
Classical Sources by Stephen Phillips.
re
The Forgotten Tribe of Naphtali and the Phoenicians, 2024, 349 pages.
https://www.academia.edu/119651593/The_Forgotten_Tribe_of_Naphtali_and_the_Phoenicians
In some cases the findings of Stephen Phillips (SP) overlap our own and confirm them. On several points we disagree, or are reserved, but quiote often (in our opinion) his insights are worth noting.
In the notes below we have given excerpts from the work of SP intercepted by commentary of our own (BAC).
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SP (Stephen Phillips):
Pliny wrote: 'Marcus Varro records that the whole of Spain was penetrated by invasions of Hiberi (Latin: Hiberos), Persians, Phoenicians, Celts and Carthaginians.'
Pliny also mentions another tribe called Sicani 125 who were one of a number of tribes who had, in his day, disappeared from Rome without trace. These were all descendants of 'Ascanius son of Aeneas', Aeneas being identifiable as Duke Anah. They were Edomites. According to Ptolemy, the Vascones of northern Spain were dwelling in a town called Oeasso ( ), which (believe it or not) is a Greek transliteration of the name Esau!
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Brit-Am Commentary (BAC):
SP (Stephen Phillips): finds both Hebrew entites as well as Edomites among the early peoples of Spain.
Anah was a Horite Prince whose daughter Oholibamah married Esau. SP identifies Anah with Aenas ancestor of the Latin Romans.
Genesis 36:20
These are the sons of Seir the Horite, the inhabitants of the land: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah,
Genesis 36:25
And these are the children of Anah: Dishon, and Oholibamah, the daughter of Anah.
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SP (Stephen Phillips):
In 406 CE, the Germanic tribes of Vandals, Alans and Suevi invaded Spain. 128 Shortly afterwards, in 418 CE, Emperor Honorius gave the land of Aquitaine in south-west France to the Visigoths, 129 a people who had previously assisted the Romans in their wars against the Persians. From the time that they were summoned by Emperor Maximian (sometime between 286 CE and 305 CE) to aid the Romans against the Parthians (Persians), the Visigoths were 'frequently called upon' to provide arms. 130 The Roman historian Procopius, in writing about these Persian wars, called these Visigoths 'Ephthalite Huns' ( Ephthaliten), a name which is sometimes transliterated into English as 'Hephtalite'. 131 The French, however, have transliterated the name as 'Nephtalites'. 132
The Visigoths were from Armenia. They were known to the Greeks as Thyssagetae, a word meaning 'Lesser Goths', which means that the name Visigoth is a transliteration of the Greek, and does not mean 'Western Goths' as is commonly assumed. (It is possible that the name Ostrogoth likewise refers to 'Goths of Yetser' [son of Naphtali] rather than eastern Goths as has been assumed.) The Visigoths were at one time located to the east of a larger group of people called Messagetae, 140 which name means 'Greater Goths'. Earlier still, the Thyssagetae were known as Solymi. The Thyssagetae were therefore descended from the fourth-born son of Naphtali.
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BAC: The possible identification of Visigoths with Nephtalites, Thyssagetae, Solymi may be important. The Solymi were a people in southwest Anatolia sometimes associated with the Jews.
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SP:
Poseidon from Dan, Neptune from Naphtali. The name Tsidon also means Poseidon.
Josephus called Reuben, the son of Yaakov who was born to him by Leah, Roubelon, 173 or Roubelos. 17
Miletus was the tribe of Menashe, the name Miletus being yet another phonetic variation on the name Menashe. Aria was also the name of a country in northern Afghanistan 280 (see map below on next page) where part of this tribe of Menashe once dwelt after they had been taken into captivity by the Assyrians. It was also the name of a place in Samaria in northern Israel.
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BAC: Miletus was an important city in western Anatolia associated with the Greeks. We also found Israelites to have sojourned for a while in Afghanistan.
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SP:
Apollodorus even called Heracles a son of Zeus (i.e. Esau).
These"red kine" were Edomite slaves being used by the Phoenicians to undertake their mining operations. In referring to these "red kine" of Geryon, Apollodorus informs us that Menoetes was: "pasturing the kine of Hades". 392 It should be stressed that "Hades" means "hell" or "underworld" , a reference to the fact that these Edomite slaves were working way below ground. Of course, cattle would not be taken down mines! Menoetes is a phonetic variant spelling of the Hebrew name Menashe (AV Manasseh), hence is once again to be identified as a tribe of people rather than an actual individual. This "pasturing" of the kine suggests that Menashe was responsible for supplying the slave labour. This notion will find support when we come to look at what the Greek writers record concerning Minos king of Crete later in this work.
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BAC: We also found much evidence in the Bible, archaeology, and ancient accounts of Israelites from the Lost Ten Tribes serving as slaves in Spain, Britain, and possibly elswhere for the Assyrians under the supervision of non-Israelite Edomites, Phoenicians, and Philistines all proxies serving on behalf of Assyria.
SP here finds Edomites as slaves of the Phoenicians whom he identifies as Israelites. Interesting but needs more substantiation.
We find Israelites exiled across the Sea as well as overland to the North. Those taken by Sea were part of an Assyrian re-location to the West. This lasted for about 100 years. It included Edomites, Edomite Phoenicians, Phillistines, and Israelite captives. Tarshish in southwest Spain was colonised for its silver and other resources. Eastern Spain was used for agricultural and pastural cultivation. Later there was a movement to northwest Spain, then northward into France, and to Ireland and Britain. Wales supplied copper (the Great Orme Mine), Cornwall tin, and Ireland gold. The dolmens show a pathway from Israel by sea through the Mediterranean into Spain and Portugal and then Ireland and Britain, and maybe Scandinavia. Overland they moved into North Syria, the Caucasus, Bulgaria, Brittany (France), the British Isles, Netherlands, North Germany, Scandinavia. The Peoples of Gomer (Germans. Slavs, and others) were loosely associated with them as were elements from Edom and others.
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SP:
The Elysian Fields and the Isles of the Blessed refer to the Islands of Britain.
In his Ora Maritima, the Latin writer Avienus, who lived in the 4th century CE, apparently quoting from this handbook of Pytheas, referred to Ireland as Ierne and to Britain as Albion. 776 A work by pseudo Aristotle known as De Mundo which dates no earlier than the latter part of the first century CE, also refers to Ireland as Ierne and to Britain as Albion. 777 Bede also stated that Albion was the old name for Britain, 778 though interestingly Polybius (middle of the second century BCE), although he refers to Pytheas, only uses the name Bretanniki. ...
Concerning the inhabitants of Britain, Julius Caesar, writing around one hundred years after Polybius, informs us: "The interior portion of Britain is inhabited by those of whom they say that it is handed down by tradition that they were born in the island itself: the maritime portion by those who had passed over from the country of the Belgae for the purpose of plunder and making war; almost all of whom are called by the names of those states from which being sprung they went thither, and having waged war, continued there and began to cultivate the lands. The number of the people is countless, and their buildings exceedingly numerous, for the most part very like those of the Gauls: the number of cattle is great. They use either brass or iron rings, determined at a certain weight, as their money. Tin is produced in the midland regions; in the maritime, iron; but the quantity of it is small: they employ brass, which is imported.
During the time of Julius Caesar, the country of the Belgae comprised the region now known to us as Brittany. 789
Julius Caesar also described the coracles being used by the Britons: "Caesar ordered the soldiers to build some light boats, in imitation of those he had formerly seen in Britain (Lat. Britanniae), whose keel and ribs were of wood, and the rest of wicker, covered with leather." 790 He is here referring to a coracle, a light boat, whose history can be traced back to Mesopotamia where they appear on sculptured panels in Assyrian palaces said to have been constructed between 700 and 900 BCE. "The ancient version we know best is the quffa, the round coracle of the lower Euphrates. They are depicted in detail in Assyrian reliefs of the ninth to the seventh centuries B.C., they were seen by Herodotus, and the modern versions are still an essential means of river transport." 7
During the time of Julius Caesar, most of the Britons were located in south east England in the region we today call Kent. This part of the country was known of old as Cantium 792 and its inhabitants as Cantiaci, though Ptolemy called them Cantii ( ). Their capital was Durovernum
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BAC:
SP is interesting in that he finds most of Britain virtually unpopulated in Ancient Times and only settled at a later date.
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SP:
In the Irish records, Emania was called Emain Macha. The city was built in the region which Ptolemy called the Rhobogdian promontory, informing us that a people called
Rhobogdii were, in his day, dwelling in that region. Today, this part of Ireland is known as the County of Armagh. The Irish name for Armagh is Ard Macha, Armagh being the Anglicised form of the name. The Gaelic letter m was often pronounced as a b, hence philologically, this reading of Rhobogdi for Ard Macha would seem perfectly plausible. Bear in mind that the "-di" ending of Rhobogdi can be ignored. Note, for example, that Josephus called the region of Bashan in northern Israel Batanidi. 827 He also, in one place, called the tribe of Naphtali, Nephthalidos. 828 Rhobogdi can therefore be read as [A] Robaga, which is closer to Ard Macha and the English rendering of Armagh. We therefore have the phonetical progression Ard Macha, Arbagha, Robagh-d .
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BAC: We related Emania Macha, and Ard Macha to Avel Beth-Maaacha in the region of Naphtali.
2-Samuel 20:
14 Now he went on through all the tribes of Israel to Abel, that is, Beth-maacah, and all the Berites; and they assembled and went after him as well.
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SP:
According to Irish pseudo-history, Ard Macha was named after Macha the wife of Nemedh who supposedly died a short while after arriving in Ireland.... These Rhobogdi therefore appear to be the people the Irish knew as Nemedians, a people said to be descended from a "person" (sic!) called Nemedh or Nemeth, these two names being a metathesis of Menade/Menathe (i.e. Menashe). The name Macha itself would appear either to be a variant spelling of the name Maacha ( ) the wife of Machir, son of Menashe, or of the tribe of Machir itself, the final r having been dropped in pronunciation.
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BAC: SP links the Nemedians to Manasseh. The name Nemedian he explains as derived from Manasseh.
In Gaelic it connotes "sanctified, or separated" the same as the Hebrew "Perush" whence comes the term Pharisee. This names is also found in Manasseh, also in association with Maacah:
1-Chronicles 7:
14 The sons of Manasseh were Asriel, to whom his Aramean concubine gave birth; she also gave birth to Machir, the father of Gilead. 15 Machir took a wife from Huppim and Shuppim, whose name was Maacah. And the name of the second was Zelophehad, and Zelophehad had daughters. 16 Maacah the wife of Machir gave birth to a son, and she named him Peresh; the name of his brother was Sheresh, and his sons were Ulam and Rakem.
The Parisee were recorded in Ancient Britain in the region of York and also in France. They gave Paris its name. SP finds them in East Wales.
A similar term "Parash" connotes "cavalryman."
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SP:
Goidhels still completing conquest of Ireland 500s CE.
Pliny informs us that, in his day, the Silures were the westernmost nation in Britain. 830 This means that the Gwyddyls of western Wales must have arrived sometime after that date. The first inhabitants of this part of West Wales appear to be the people Ptolemy called the Demetae, and the evidence shows that they arrived from Ireland. Very little is known about these Demetae, but I would suggest that they are a breakaway faction of the Domnians ( Dumnoni) 831 who settled in Devon in southern England, and the similarly named Damnonii ( ) who settled in Scotland, whose territory, during the time of Ptolemy, lay around Dumbarton and extended southwards into Renfrew,
Alauna is a variant spelling of Albion
The Domnians were descended from the Tuatha de Danaan, the latter name sometimes being written Donann.
The Danann had "gone underground". In other words, they had disappeared from sight, or "gone into hiding", which effectively means that the Tuatha de Danaan had left Ireland. The evidence shows that they had moved to Britain. The Domnians who settled in Devon founded the city of Tamaraon the river Tamarus. 846 The name Tamar is a variant spelling of the Irish Teamhuir, this being the name of the ancient city which was established when the Tuatha De Danann and Fir-Bolg arrived in Ireland. Tamar is the name of the matriarch of the sons of Zerach son of Judah. 84
It is perhaps also significant that the flag of Devon is emerald green, as is that of Leinster.
In other words, the Belgae were Gaels from Ireland. The evidence being revealed here confirms this statement, though this colonisation of the western parts of Britain dates to some time between the time of Pliny (ca. 77 CE) and the time of Ptolemy (ca. 150 CE) and not around 2,000 BCE as the Irish historians would have us believe. The Celts referred to by Appian, who travelled between Britain and Spain, 884 are clearly these Ghaedels from Ireland who at that time would have had close associations with Gallicia in Spain. The city of Corunna in Spain was most likely named by these Ceraunes who settled in Cornwall.
William F. Skene has demonstrated that the Saxons who settled in north Scotland were actually Frisians rather than Saxons. 896 These Frisians, who were regarded as Saxons, arrived from north Germany, having arrived in north Germany by way of France. The Saxons, on the other hand, came from Scythia via north Germany.
The Silures and Parisi who settled in east Wales.
By the time of Ptolemy, the Trinovantes who settled in Britain had split into three separate tribes. According to the Scottish writer, Hector Boetius, the Novantae, who Ptolemy places in Galloway and Carrick in the middle of the second century CE, were called Silures. 941 The name Silures is a variant spelling of Silaro, the name of a river in southern Italy on whose banks the Brettians/Bruttii once dwelt. According to Lawrence Waddell, the name Silures (transliterated by him as Siluyr) is mentioned in the Newton Stone, a "Phoenician monument" erected in Aberdeenshire. 942 This would then give credence to the argument that the Silures also settled in Scotland. The Novantae who settled in Wales, however, dropped the name Novantae completely and instead adopted the name Silures.
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BAC We identified the Silures with descants of Shaul from the Tribe of Simeon.
Exodus 6:
15 And the sons of Simeon: Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman; these are the families of Simeon.
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SP
When they "dwelt themselves upon the middle of the island", this would then refer to the Belgae (who settled in Wiltshire), the Dobuni (whose capital city was Corinium or Cirencester, who settled in Gloucestershire) and the Cornavi (who settled at various places along what is today the border between England and Wales). The name Dobuni is a variant spelling of Domnian, this being the tribe who gave their name to the county of Devon. Dobuni and Devon are phonetic variations on that name. The Cornavi were the same people who gave their name to Cornwall, which land was known to the Romans as Cornubia. The names Cornavi and Cornubia are phonetic variants (i.e. cognates) of the same name. The Cornaui, Cerones and Creones who settled in the far north of the island were descended from the same family.
According to Irish tradition, the Fir Bolg (the name means "sons of Belgae") were of the same stock as the Britons, and that their conquest of Britain and Ireland preceded by a considerable time the Goidelic conquest of Ireland. 901 The name Goidel is the same as that which is sometimes written Ghaedel, both names being pronounced Gael or Gaul.
Strabo is here guilty of trying to match the peoples of his day with those who are recorded as having previously inhabited the land. As stated above, the lands of the Bruttii, after their defeat, were re-colonised with Roman citizens. Strabo was therefore describing these Roman citizens. Note also that the Samnitae, who we shall encounter again in a moment, as well as the Leucani (a variant spelling of Lucani/Luceni), who were related to the Samnitae, had also by that time all disappeared from southern Italy. Under the name Leuci, some of these Lucanians are recorded by Julius Caesar and Strabo as inhabiting north-east France alongside a tribe called Nemetes. 920 Under the name Lucensii (var. Luceni), another group moved to northern Spain where they were to later migrate with the Concani and Numantians, alongside whom they were dwelling, to Connaught in Ireland. The Luceni settled on the eastern side of the River Shannon and the Concani on the western side. 921 (The Numantians became the Nagnatae who settled in Ireland and who we shall consider in a moment.)
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BAC: Based on Ptolemy we traced the Samnitae and Nemetae (both from Simeon) to Brittany in France. Placing them also in Ireland helps us since we found evidence of Simeon among the Irish.
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SP:
For the next stage of our investigations, I am going to make the bold statement that the Bruttii became the people variously known as Namnetae (of Brittany), Nemetes (of north-eastern France), Numantians (of northern Spain), the Novantae and Trinovantes of Britain, and a people called Nomentani, which Pliny, in his day, placed in central Italy where the Bruttii once dwelt. 927 Some of those Numantians who settled in northern Spain appear to have become the Nagnatae (pronounced Nannatae) who are recorded as settling in Connaught in Ireland. 92
All of the above evidence shows that Britain cannot possibly have been occupied prior to the second century BCE. This then raises serious objections to the dates which archaeologists are placing on monuments such as Stonehenge, the Bell Beaker pottery culture and the "Neolithic" graves which they say are all contemporary with Stonehenge. ...
As already stated, Bede informs us that the Britons were the first settlers to arrive on this island. It has been demonstrated that the Britons started arriving at the beginning of the second century BCE. They, however, settled on the river Thames in the southeastern part of the island in and around what we know as Kent. When the Romans, from the time of Julius Caesar (50 BCE) onwards, invaded Britain, the inhabitants were forced northwards and westwards with some ending up to the north of the River Thames, some in the northern parts of Britain and others in Wales. There is no evidence that they settled in Wiltshire, therefore it is extremely unlikely that these people were responsible for the construction of Stonehenge.
The Phoenicians may have mined southern England (mainly Cornwall) and Ireland from an early period (though this assumption is heavily disputed), but they were typically seafaring people, and they relied heavily either on sea ports or on rivers for transportation of their goods. .... If any Phoenician influences reached the interior of Britain it would probably have been through the Veneti, who inhabited Armorican Gaul, the district in which Karnac is found, and who, in the time of Caesar, were carrying on a brisk trade with the British.
... the most likely candidates for the erection of this monument (Stonehenge) are the Belgae, who are first mentioned by Ptolemy as dwelling in this region in the middle of the second century CE.
They are not mentioned as dwelling in Britain by either Tacitus or by Pliny (middle of the first century CE), which means that they must have arrived somewhere between these two periods.
(NB: Pliny completed his history circa 77 CE.) William Long was also of the opinion that the monument was built by the Belgae....
.... Rev. Richard Warner makes the claim that these lands were originally occupied by a people called Haedui. "A tribe of Gauls, who retained their original name of Haedui, had seized upon Somersetshire, the south-western parts of Gloucestershie, and the north-western corner of Wiltshire, in the first migration that was made from the continent. Here they continued unmolested for some centuries, pursuing that vagarious life which they had followed in their own country, and driving their numerous flocks from pasture to pasture, through this extensive district, as occasion required."1041 Rev. Warner seemed to be unaware that these Haedui (also referred to as Aedui) arrived in Britain during the time of Julius Caesar:
"The Bellovaci have always enjoyed the protection of the Aeduan state. They have been incited by their chiefs, who declared that the Aedui have been reduced to slavery by Caesar and are suffering every form of indignity and insult, both to revolt from the Aedui and to make war on the Roman people. The leaders of the plot, perceiving how great a disaster they have brought upon the state, have fled to Britain.".... the Belgae arrived with the Domnians from Ireland either sometime towards the latter part of the first century CE or the first half of the second century CE. It is my opinion that Stonehenge was used as a temple or place of worship, and this now seems to be supported by new archaeological evidence which shows that it was a place where people gathered for feasting and celebrations. Having moved the date of construction of Stonehenge to Christian times, we are now forced to admit that this monument must have been in use long after Christianity had been introduced into Britain. ....
The age of barrows is supposedly contemporaneous with the stone monuments such as Stonehenge and dolmens on which archaeologists place such ridiculously early dates. This matter was challenged by James Fergusson as early as 1872 who lists various finds... These barrows are typically dated to the Neolithic Period which supposedly started circa 4000 BCE and lasted until around 1000 BCE. .... 'In addition, in 1824, a partial excavation carried out by W Bateman and S Mitchell led to the discovery of another cist containing bones from both inhumations and cremations. These were accompanied by the sherds of four urns, some dog's teeth and a number of Roman coins. Apart from the latter, the finds indicate a Bronze Age date for the barrow. The coins were a later insertion, dating to the Romano-British period.'.... Noticing all of this vast evidence which shows 'invasive' Romano-British pottery in so many of these so-called 'Neolithic' tombs.... Bearing in mind the marked absence of graves between the end of the socalled Neolithic period of 2,000 BCE and the Roman period of occupation, and bearing in mind that even after only a couple of hundred years, these graves would have become buried in soil and overgrown with grass and weeds, we have to assume that these newly arrived tribes must have consciously sought out the graves and dug them up so that they could re-use them. This argument simply does not make sense! This practice (if indeed it was a practice) was not a localised phenomenon either. To accommodate this suggestion, we have to assume that it was carried out simultaneously across the country by all of the newly arriving tribes. Would it not be much more logical to accept that the barrows date to the Roman period of occupation?
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BAC: Very good. SP reduces the time-lengths of Ancient History. If we discard radio-carbon dating this stands to reason.
Also the economy of deduction supports it. If something could take only 10 years why claim it to be a 1000?
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SP:
Having demonstrated that these British tribes started arriving from the second century BCE onwards, and bearing in mind that these 'prehistoric' graves appear in parts of the country which we have shown to have been uninhabited by man prior to the first century CE, it becomes abundantly evident that these Saxon interments were not made a couple of thousand years or more after the original tombs were constructed. The fact that the Saxons built their tombs after the Britons built theirs, thereby 'intruding' into the earlier graves, is actually concordant with the facts being presented here. The Saxon burials were relatively late .... In fact, bearing in mind that the Saxons did not arrive in Britain until the middle of the 5th Century CE, Saxon 'reuse' does not fully explain the presence in the tombs of coins belonging to Claudius Gothicus (ruled 268-270 CE), Constantine the Great (ruled 306-337 CE) or Valentian (ruled 364-365 CE). Whilst it could effectively be argued that the Saxons might still have been using these coins long after these rulers died (though this is actually very unlikely), I shall shortly demonstrate, when we look at the distribution of the Bell Beaker pottery, which archaeologists are consistently dating to around 2,500 to 3,000 BCE to support their early date for Stonehenge, that this also cries out for a late date. Not only can this pottery not be dated any earlier than the second century BCE, but we will see that it was still in use as late as the middle of the fifth century CE, which conveniently coincides with the invasion of Britain by the Saxons.
.... archaeologists simply refuse to let go of the notion that Stonehenge belongs to some remote age before written records began. Evidence of a late date for Stonehenge is not hard to find. Archaeologists have discovered on one of the standing sarsen stones (stone number 53) carvings of a dagger and an axe, both of which are believed to be around 4,500 years old. Above these is a more modern carving of a name written in Latin believed to be around 350 years old. Both the Latin inscription and the carvings of the dagger and axe exhibit a similar amount of weathering, which precludes any attempt at dating the dagger or the axe to anything like the thousands of years being proposed by archaeologists. Graffiti (stone number 53) showing modern carving above dagger and axe which purportedly predates it by around 4500 years. More importantly, the pottery from Stonehenge is of a type of ware which was common throughout many parts of Europe. It has been called the Bell Beaker Culture because of the inverted bell beaker drinking vessel peculiar to this type of pottery. Having demonstrated the various migrations of the Bruttii, when we look at the distribution of the Bell Beaker pottery across Europe, it becomes abundantly clear that this form of pottery correlates to the spread of the British tribes, most of which did not arrive in those areas until a relatively late date.
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BAC: Bell Beaker culture in archaeology presages the Modern Western Peoples. The predominance of YDNA R1b begins with them. Placing their emergence at a later date could have important implications.
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SP:
The arrival of the pottery in East Anglia .... cannot date any earlier than the time the Iceni arrived there. Under the name Cenimagni, during the time of Julius Caesar, these Iceni were located in Kent, to the south of the River Thames. The introduction of the Bell Beaker pottery in East Anglia cannot therefore date any earlier than the time of Julius Caesar, who invaded Britain in 50 BCE, as the Iceni had not at that time migrated that far north.
The Numantians and Lucensii of Central Spain also seem to have used this style of pottery. When they migrated to Ireland, they settled on the River Shannon. It therefore comes as no surprise to find that this style of pottery likewise has been found in this region. We should bear in mind, however, that this migration from Spain to Ireland occurred either late in the fourth or in the fifth century CE. ... The Parisii are recorded as still being in Paris, France during the time of Strabo. They arrived in northern Germany around 12 BCE, taking, it seems, this style of pottery with them. They must have crossed the channel into Britain sometime at the end of the first century CE or beginning of the second century CE, initially settling in the regions which are today identified as Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. Any suggestion that the Bell Beaker pottery style reached these regions prior to their arrival is therefore strained. The distribution map below (on the next page) shows that this style of pottery is attested in southern Britain, namely Dorset, Devon and parts of southern Cornwall. Note also that the pottery is attested in Leinster in Ireland, which is where these Domnians and Ceraunes came from. In the light of the fact that Ireland was at that time being ruled from southern Britain by these Domnians and Ceraunes, it shows that the pottery was most likely introduced into Leinster from Britain. Once again, the date of introduction of the pottery into Leinster cannot have occurred previous to the time these people arrived in Britain. As the argument has been put forward that Corunna in Spain is named after the Ceraunes of Cornwall, it should therefore come as no surprise to learn that this pottery has also been found in Corunna (Spain). The Namnetae and Samnitae of Britanny, who settled around the estuary of the River Loire, and the Nemetes and Leuki, who settled in northern France, and the Britains and Samnitae who settled in Kent, were all likewise using this same style of pottery. The same goes for the Aedui of southern France, the Aedui who settled in the region of Britain now known as Gloucestershire and the Aedui who eventually settled in north Wales where they became known as Ordovices. - 168 - Map showing the distribution of Bell Beaker ware. Notice how the regions generally correlate with the areas occupied by the Britons and can date no earlier than the first century BCE.
The Parisii, for example, arrived in Britain sometime late in the first century CE at the very earliest. The appearance of this pottery in North Africa seems likewise to coincide with the arrival there of the Vandals and Alans, who were forced out of Spain by the arrival of the Visigoths. This event is said to have occurred in 429 CE, which again compels us to redate the Bell Beaker Culture to this late date. The Vandals also extended their rule to Corsica and the Balearic isles in 455 CE and took occupation of Sardinia in 468 CE. Could it be just coincidence that the Bell Beaker ware has also been found in these regions? The appearance of this same style of pottery in southern France likewise correlates with the Ligurian tribes, one of which was the tribe of Ingnaunes or Genaunes, the descendants of Guni son of Naphtali who gave their name to the city of Genoa in northern Italy. Some of the Ligurians settled in Leinster in Ireland. Again, the Bell Beaker pottery shows connections with these Celtic tribes.
With all of this evidence, it becomes abundantly clear that the dates being proposed by archaeologists of around 2,500 BCE for the Bell Beaker pottery, and consequently the 3,000 BCE date for Stonehenge, are far too early.
When we redate the pottery to the Vandal Africa, 429-533 correct time period, not only do we re-establish the link between Stonehenge and the Belgae who built the place, but we also remove any suggestion that the graves lay untouched for around 2,000-3,000 years before being, re-used, by later settlers. The reason why archaeologists keep finding Romano-British pottery at Stonehenge is quite simply because the place was constructed no earlier than 77 CE, which is when Pliny finished his history (though the evidence actually suggests a later date than this), and the place was still standing and still in use after the Romans had left.
.... we cannot escape the inevitable conclusion that Stonehenge was still being used right up to the time the Saxons invaded Britain, and in the light of this information, it cannot be denied that this, so far, is the best explanation for the demise and abandonment of Stonehenge and its surrounding villages. Archaeologists have shown that there was a huge settlement at Stonehenge which is said to date from the same period as Stonehenge..... It is commonly believed that the Belgae arrived from Germany, but seeing as how the Dumnonii who settled in Devon and Cornwall, came from southern Ireland, it is more likely that the Belgae are the people called Fir-Bolg in the Irish records who at one time also dwelt in southern Ireland alongside the Dumnonii.