Research Sources from Brit-Am Now nos. 851-900
Contents:
1. Elaine Knight: GI Joes
2. Steve Coneglan: Gad, Succoth and Scotland
3. KJETIL TANGEN: Gadites and Asherites in Norway
4. Jorma Larinkoski: Issachar-Gad in Finland
5. Robert Jones: Ancient Crete and the Tribe of Dan
6. Richard Griffith: Scots and Tartan Coat of Many Colors
7. Steve Coneglan: Scots from Gad, Irish from Asher, Sweden Naphtali
8. British Tolerance Versus Spanish Prejudice
9. Theo Vennemann: Runes in Hebrew and/or Cathaginian/Phoenician?
10. Mummification in Ancient Britain
11. Ancient British Grain Silos on Middle East Model
12. Steamships and Rivers of Cush
13. Black Irish Article
14. Robert Jones: Ancient Hebrew History
15. Egyptian Philosophers in Pre-Christian Scotland
16. More on the Early Discovery of Australia
17.Minoans in Schleswig
18. The British Empire
19.Multinational Enterprise in Ancient Phoenicia by Karl James Moore and David Charles Lewis
20. Sciot means wanderer , Scot means hidden (like ceilt) in Greek.
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DNA and Genetics, etc.
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1. Proposed Jewish -Irish-British mtDNA Link
2. Notes on Red Hair
3. Bob Davis: Red Haired Picts, Scotts, and Irish
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1. GI Joes
"Brit-Am Now"-853
http://www.britam.org/now/853Now.html
1. Elaine Knight: GI Joes and Messiah son of Joseph?
From: Elaine Knight
Subject: Concerning Joseph /MESSIAH
Hello Yair, As soon as I read the info.about Joseph to be a messiah.I suddenly remembered
watching US ARMY films showing when our troops liberated our people in the death camps.
And some of our people had signs that read [GI JOE OUR MESSIAH] and fell to the ground and kissed the boots of the GI's many were shouting PRAISES to G-D for sending messiah!!
Is it not possible that this was a fulfillment of prophecy? Shalom
The ETERNAL creator of heaven and earth says:(Isa.43:10)
Before ME there was NO GOD formed, Neither shall there be AFTER me (Isa.43:11) I even I am the LORD;and beside me there is NO SAVIOUR (Isa.42:8) I am the LORD:that is {{MY}} name,and my glory I will {{NOT}} give to {{ANOTHER}}
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2. Steve Coneglan: Gad, Succoth and Scotland
"Brit-Am Now"-853
http://www.britam.org/now/853Now.html
3. Steve Coneglan: Gad, Succoth and Scotland
From: Steve Coneglan <swaggerz@hotmail.com>
Extracts:
The royal connection of the Scots seems to be implied in Moses' prophetic vision for the tribe of Gad. Indeed, it was a king by the name of James - Latin Jacobus, the root of which is found in the last word of Israel's blessing of Gad at Genesis 49:19 - that united the thrones of Scotland and England.
More evidences have come to my attention of late, and these appear to offer conclusive support to my firm belief that the Scots are, indeed, the tribe of Gad. The first piece of evidence concerns a town that we first meet at Genesis 33:17. After having just faced a life-changing situation, Jacob came to a place in the region of the Jordan valley. There he built himself a house and a cattle-station for his herds. He named the place Succoth.
In biblical Hebrew, Succoth is spelt: samech - kaph - vav - tau. This transliterates as: S - K - O - T. This is very close to the way Scot is spelt in modern Hebrew, where kaph and qoph are nevertheless interchangeable. Thus there is every reason to believe that the original pronunciation of the town of Succoth could permissibly have been Scot.
Having noted that Succoth started out as a cattle station, we are reminded from Scripture that the tribe of Gad, like their progenitor Jacob, were renowned sheep-keepers. For this very reason they asked Moses and Joshua that their inheritance be to the east of the Jordan river, where abundant pastureland was to be found (Numbers 32).
Later, we read that the tribe of Gad inherited the town of Succoth as part of their allotment of the land (Joshua 13:24-28). This town undoubtedly grew to become the largest population centre in the territory of Gad. At one stage it was said to have had seventy-seven elders, and this leads us to further evidence that the Scots are the tribe of Gad.
At Judges 8 we read of Gideon's pursuit of the Midianites. Weary from days of fighting and pursuing the Midianite kings, Gideon came to the town of Succoth and implored its men that they might succour his soldiers and provide them with food. The elders of Succoth refused to help Gideon, and so Gideon promised them he would take out retribution upon his return. Thus it came to pass that, after having defeated the Midianites, Gideon took thorns of the wilderness and with them he taught the men of Succoth a lesson (Judges 8:4-16).
Clearly, it was a lesson they never forgot! The thorns (Hebrew: quwts, meaning 'prickle') that Gideon used are likely to have been thistles growing in the wilderness, and the Scots to this very day represent their nation with the Scottish thistle. It is this symbol you will see on the left breast of the Scottish rugby jersey. In fact, the Septuagint version of this story translates the Hebrew word for elder - zaqen - as presbyteros. And everybody knows that the Presbyterian Church has its roots in Scotland, going back to the Scottish Reformation.
Another link in the story of this wonderful town of Succoth and the Scots relates to the geography of the land allotment of the tribe of Gad. The western part of Gad's inheritance stretched from north to south alongside the Jordan river in the rift valley. This land was the lowlands of Gad. The eastern hinterland was dominated by the peaks of Gilead and the highlands. A different type of Gadite would have lived in the high country, one adept at fighting in the mountains (1 Chronicles 12:8). Indeed, this description in the Book of Chronicles mentions the lion (arieh) and the roe (tsebiy) as symbols of the tribe of Gad. These remind us of the supporters of the Scottish royal coat-of-arms, the unicorn quite possibly being equivalent to the unknown tsebiy.
The eastern Gadites who inhabited the highlands may well have been the progenitors of the Gaels. The words Gilead and Gaidheal are very similar, several writers suggesting that they may be related. The Gaels of Scotland are associated more with the Scottish highlands, while the lowlanders are generally referred to as the Scots. An etymology suggested for the word Gael, or gaidheal, is the Welsh gwyddel, originally meaning 'raider'. This would be an apt description for the tribe of Gad, both in their military character and in the semantic field of the name Gad.
A final piece of evidence for the Scots being the tribe of Gad can again be evinced from the town of Succoth. We read that in the time of Solomon, the brass foundries were erected in the area of Succoth, meaning it became a thriving industrial town (1 Kings 7:40-46). Much later in history, we learn that the Scots were a vital contributor to the Industrial Revolution. The Scottish Enlightenment thinkers were the precursor to many of the scientific and chemical advancements that accompanied the sudden industrial growth that propelled Great Britain to the forefront of the nations. Scottish inventors contributed greatly to industry, and the land itself contained large deposits of iron ore in its rocks. Much has been written on the Scottish impact on the Industrial Revolution, and I'm sure your readers are well aware of this without me needing to supply examples.
A footnote to the story of Gad concerns that curious Scottish culinary contribution to the world: the haggis. Haggis is basically sheep's guts cooked in the stomach of the sheep. It is quintessentially Scottish, so much so that a Scot is often referred to as 'haggis'. The origins of this word probably lie in the name of Gad's second son, Haggi (Hebrew: Chagiy), who would almost certainly have been a keeper of the flocks.
Another possible footnote concerns the special relationship Scotland has enjoyed with France over the last thousand years. If France were identifiable as Reuben - a connection I don't particularly endorse - then we would have a repetition of the close biblical relationship that existed between the tribes of Reuben and Gad (Numbers 32). A great part of that special relationship involved the trade in wine. Wine was a favourite of the Scottish nobility, whereas the common man imbibed whiskey and beer. The trade in red wine, in particular, was savoured by the Scots, who delighted in circumventing their English enemies who could not get their hands on French wine. Interestingly, red was the tribal colour of Reuben. In return, the Scots exported their military prowess to the French, and fought on their behalf against the English.
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3. KJETIL TANGEN: Gadites and Asherites in Norway
"Brit-Am Now"-855
http://www.britam.org/now/855Now.html
3. KJETIL TANGEN: Gadites and Asherites in Norway
From: KJETIL TANGEN <ktang@c2i.net>
Subject: Gadites, comment. You are free to publish this if you desire..
Extracts:
I suppose most readers are not familiar with Norwegian and Scandinavian geography, but Gadite clan names are reflected in the name of the province Hordaland on the west-coast, and in the landscape Hardanger which is situated within the same province. This is the dwelling-place of the clan of Arodi,son of Gad. Furthermore another clan, (G)eri, is represented in the landscape "Grenland" which forms the southermost municipalities of the province Telemark, but originally constituted a larger part of that province. (G)eri might also be dwelling in the province Vestfold, next to Grenland. All of these names are recognised by many modern historians in Norway and abroad to reflect tribal names, especially Hordaland.
This is what modern encyclopedias have to say about them: "Haruder, germanic people beaten by Caesar at the Rhine 58 B.C. The same people have probably given name to the province Hordaland and the landscape Hardanger". About 150 A.D they have moved to Denmark, the province known as Hardesyssel. From there they eventually moved to Hordaland. The Haruder were also known as "Hreidgoter", preserving the name of Gad.
The Grenii, which have given (at least in my opinion) name to Grenland were the descendants of (G)eri, son of Gad. They also had dwelled in central Europe, before finding out that is was more peaceful without Roman influence in the north. Possibly there are also other pockets of Gadites in Norway.
In Rogaland, bordering Hordaland to the south, and west of Telemark/Grenland, lives "Ryger", regarded as the "germanic" tribe which were the latecomers to Norway. They are descendants of Asher, and one of his grandsons were indeed named "Rohga". The northern areas of Telemark, that is the area which not constitues Grenland (which today is part of this province), are regarded by historians as having been populated by Ryger from southwest. They are thus also Asherites, and they indeed look and behave the same! That is, many are heavily built, with a broad face and a cheerful good-humoured nature. If you look at at map, you will see that they (Asherites in Telemark) border on Gad/clan Geri in the south, and Gad/clan Arodi in the west.
Stavanger, the capital of Rogaland, is the oil capital of Norway. Asher was said to "dip his feet in oil. The same can be said about Scotland on the other side of the North Sea, for according to many, the Scottish are mainly from Asher. Additionally, Rogaland is the most productive and fertile agriculural area in Norway. Asherite Telemark is also a very rural area without towns, thus reflecting the Asherite pattern of a rurally inclined population, preoccupied with agriculture. Grenland on the other hand is the most heavily industrialized area in Norway, with an industrially minded population, like in many ways the Swedes are. Some years ago there was an interesting article in a local newspaper in Telemark, which featured the differences between the populations in the south and north of the province,that is, Gadites and Asherites. It provided a picture taken at the turn of the last century, showing local leaders from both areas gathered in the local assembly. The journalist claimed it was quite easy to distinguish which person was from each area just by the features of their faces. Likewise the article stressed the difference in mind-set between the two populations; inclined to agriculture/forestry and industry respectively.
Sincerely, Kjetil T., Norway
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4. Jorma Larinkoski: Issachar-Gad in Finland
"Brit-Am Now"-855
http://www.britam.org/now/855Now.html
4. Jorma Larinkoski: Issachar-Gad in Finland
From: Jorma Larinkoski <jorma.larinkoski@saunalahti.fi>
Subject: History of Issachar - Gad relationship?
Extracts:
Mr. Davidiy,
I have been studying your articles with interest and pleasure for about half a year now. Your research has yelded convincing facts.
If I understood it right the history repeats itself to an extent in the relationships of the tribes. Finland has been identified as the tribe of Issachar. However our nation is less than hundred years old. 1808 - 1917 Finland was part of Russia with some autonomy, but before that until 1808 Finland was just an oversea province of Sweden. Mr. Orjan Svensson referred to this period in his posting (Gad mainly in Sweden), and what he says about the past of Sweden also applies to Finland.
As Sweden fought its wars and rose to its greatness it happened on the cost of Finnish peasants, who were drawn to military heavier than the swedish ones. So it isnt only the swedes who are to thank for the victories in the east and to blame for the devastating of Middle-Europe in the 30years war, mostly only the officers were swedes. Upon losing Finland to Russia Sweden became peaceloving and didnt want to pay the price of war any longer. Later Finland worked as a bufferzone for Sweden against the east.
And almost everytime these two nations meet on ice nowadays the swedes manage to win! Unbearable ; ) !
But the question is: is this kind of relationship an echo of the past before captivity? I cant regognize anything the kind in the scriptures, and my general knowledge outside of them is lacking. Can such a close relationship with clearly distinct natures and fates be traced back to history? If Ephraim and Menasseh are closely related (yes because of
Joseph) are there anything the kind between other Tribes. Sweden surely plays a bigger role for Finland as vice versa but perhaps this could also bear to the identification?
With Greetings from Helsinki, -17degrees centigrade
Jorma Larinkoski
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5. Robert Jones: Ancient Crete and the Tribe of Dan
"Brit-Am Now"-854
http://www.britam.org/now/854Now.html
5. Robert Jones: Ancient Crete and the Tribe of Dan
From: Robert Jones <houseof_joseph@yahoo.com>
Subject: Minoans and Israelites
Mr. Davidiy,
I just finished with David Rohl's book A Test of Time. Something that caught my attention was his descriptions of the burials of Avaris. One thing I found very interesting, was the extensive Minoan pottery found in the various Hebrew tombs.
The "Neopalatial" or Middle Period of Crete generally corresponds to the Asiatic immigration or "Asiatic invasion" of Egypt (2100-1500 BC). The island of Crete during this time was characterized as very affluent, the development of small towns around the main palaces, large storage facilities, and metal workshops. The most interesting description of the burials, was a similarity to those at Avaris.
You have mentioned that the tribe of Dan at one point had moved from Crete to Argos, Greece and in many places the name of the tribe of Dan is found on this island. So, I don't think it to be huge leap to see Crete and the Minoan society of this period as merely an extension of Avaris and the Hebrews.
The need for metals, and other natural resources during this expansion in Egypt in most cases had to come from abroad. Crete initially was established as a port or trading post for the Asiatic Egyptians and Hebrews and later became a major trade center for the 13th, 14th and 15th Dynasties.
With the rise of the 18th Dynasty and the Egyptians retaking Lower Egypt, trade with Crete disappears. The pottery they find during this time, was from Cyprus. Cyprus appears to be a Philistine island during this time period. They had ethnic and close ties with the Egyptians so the alliance as a trading partner with Cyprus was natural.
The island of Crete continues to thrive to a degree until it is partially destroyed by the eruption of Thera. The natural question is left, did the ruling class of Avaris seek refuge in Knossos Crete? Was there a large Hebrew contingent on the island, and did the tribe of Dan facilitate this Diaspora from Egypt.
There seems to be a lose connection, I'm wondering if there is any archaeological evidence in Crete that refers back to the Hebrews in Egypt?
Rob Jones
Florida
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6. Richard Griffith: Scots and Tartan Coat of Many Colors
"Brit-Am Now"-857
http://www.britam.org/now/857Now.html
2. Richard Griffith: Ancient Testimony to the Tartan
From: rgriff9243@aol.com
Subject: Greek Historian Diodorus on the Celtic Coat of Many Colors
From the "Celts: The People who came out of the Darkness" by Gerhard Herm
The people, called Galli by the Romans and Galatai or Keltois by the Greeks did not fit any of the Ancients' notions of humanity. In the words of the Greek historian Diodorus (himself born in Sicily and hence known as 'Siculus'):
Their aspect is terrifying...They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under their clear white skin. Their hair is blond, but not naturally so; they bleach it, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing itt back from their foreheads. They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane. Some of these are clean-shaven, but others-especially those of high rank, shave their cheeks ...
The way they dress is astonishing: they wear brightly coloured and embroidered shirts, with trousers called bracae and cloaks fastened at the shoulder with a brooch, heavy in winter, light in summer. These cloaks are striped or checkered in design, with the separate checks close together and in various colors.
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7. Steve Coneglan: Scots from Gad, Irish from Asher, Sweden Naphtali
"Brit-Am Now"-857
http://www.britam.org/now/857Now.html
3. Steve Coneglan: Scots from Gad, Irish from Asher, Sweden Naphtali
From: Steve Coneglan <swaggerz@hotmail.com>
Subject: Town of Succoth in Scotland
Extracts:
Further to the thread relating the biblical town of Succoth to the modern day Scots, a little research has revealed that there exists a town by the name of Succoth in Scotland. The Scottish town of Succoth is in the district of Argyll and Bute.
It has been popularly believed that the Irish Scots made their first incursions into Scotland in the area of Argyle (Gaelic: Earra-Ghaidheal, now written Argyll), a region corresponding to the ancient Dal Riata. A wikipedia search under Dal Riata offers some interesting background information for those interested.
It may be that there exist other towns in the world called Succoth. However, googling the subject revealed no other significant towns anywhere bearing this name; and a manual search in the index of the Reader's Digest Illustrated Atlas of the World (2001) also failed to produce any hits for Succoth.
With the absence of this name as a significant geographical feature anywhere else in the world other than Scotland, the town of Succoth in Scotland offers yet further possible proof that the tribe of Gad are settled in Scotland today, and have impacted the world as the Scots.
...Sweden is predominantly descended from the tribe of Naphtali, with an indeterminate admixture from Dan. There may well be a portion of Gad there, too. However, Gad's blessings at Genesis 49:19 and Deuteronomy 33:20,21 appear to be amply fulfilled in the Scots. The Swedes that I have met are extremely placid and affable, with nothing like the belligerent underbelly that I believe is an everpresent with the tribe of Gad.
... Gad and Asher - would likely be near one another in the present age. This is but one of many reasons for my belief that the Irish contain a large element of Asher. I have yet to meet a happier people than the Irish. Part of my own heritage goes back to Ireland, and my father's side of the family has an amazing happiness which is just inborn. This applies to the Irish that I have worked with, also. Many years ago I worked for an airline in Switzerland. We had over thirty-three different nationalities working in the company at the time, all of which I interacted with. The Irish had a special happiness that none of the rest had. They truly merit the name Asher, meaning 'happy'.
Dan and Naphtali were also full brothers, sons of Bilhah. We would therefore expect them to have a similar physiognomy. With Denmark being named after Dan, it is small wonder that we see Naphtali being found on his border in Sweden. Physiologically, it is pretty much impossible to tell a Swede from a Dane. I've even read that the name Sweden comes from Svea-Dan, and so the name of Dan might be in Sweden, too. However, this point alone is clearly no grounds for identity.
We note that in Scripture, Dan and Naphtali marched together in the northern encampment along with the tribe of Asher. We also note that Dan was the leading tribe of these three. We might therefore expect the full brothers, Dan and Naphtali, to be in close proximity to one another today. This seems to be the case with Denmark and Sweden.
No doubt others will have more points to bring the table. We all benefit from discussion, even though we might not agree on some things. I therefore thank those who have contributed to this thread, and very much hope to read more comments along this line in the future.
Stephen Coneglan
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8. British Tolerance Versus Spanish Prejudice
"Brit-Am Now"-858
http://www.britam.org/now/858Now.html
5. British Versus Latins
http://www.coyoteblog.com/coyote_blog/2004/10/french_vs_anglo.html
An anecdote on British versus Latin colonies: a few years ago, a Spanish government minister complained that Britain should not retain the colony of Gibraltar because she had broken the treaty by which she held it. Her crime? The Spanish had originally required that neither Jews nor Moors be allowed to settle there, but the current Gibraltarian Prime Minister was both a Jew and a Moor. The British tend to be proud about a chap like Sir Joshua Hassan, the aforesaid P.M.
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9. Theo Vennemann: Runes in Hebrew and/or Cathaginian/Phoenician?
"Brit-Am Now"-863
http://www.britam.org/now/863Now.html
3. Runes in Hebrew and/or Cathaginian/Phoenician?
Extracts:
The article from Prof. Theo Vennemann "Germanische Runen und
phoenizisches Alphabet" (Germanic runes and the Phoenician
Alphabet) covers 60 pages in a small font and a pagesize of
6.10 x 8.67 inch.
Periodical "Sprachwissenschaft", issue
31-4-2006
www.winter-verlag-hd.de
The abstract of the article:
Abstract: The poblem of the origin of the Germanic runes
and the runic writing system is considered unsolved. Many
aspects of the runes are enigmatic even for the most widely
accepted thesis, that of the Latin origin of the runes.
The present article develops the thesis that runic writing
derives directly from the Phoenician writing system of the
Carthaginians who dominated the Atlantic coasts from the
fifth to the end of the third century, rather than via Greek,
Etruscan, or Latin. This thesis explains all the distinctive
properties of runic writing: the form of those runes for
which Latin offers no model; die acrophonic naming of the
runes with appellatives; various aspects of the order of
the older fudiark, especially the beginning with a rune
named *fehu 'cattle'; the frequent use of scriptura continue;
the omission of nasals before homorganic consonants; the
writing of geminates with single rather than double consonants.
Most importantly, the Phoenician thesis explains the
concentration of the oldest runic finds in the Scandinavian
regions between the German and the Baltic Seas rather than
close to the Roman Empire and answers the question of the
reasons for the extraordinarily early availability of an
alphabetic writing system of its own in northern Europe.
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10. Mummification in Ancient Britain
"Brit-Am Now"-868
http://www.britam.org/now/868Now.html
6. Mummification in Ancient Britain
Antiquity Vol.79 No.305 (September 2005)
"Evidence for mummification in Bronze Age Britain" by Mike Parker Pearson et
al.
On page 543 they ask:
Inhumation in contrast to cremation seems to have been a minority rite in the Hebridean
and British Middle Bronze Age and so very few people were given ordinary burial, let
alone preservation after death (Burgess 1980: 313-22, Parker Pearson 1993: 101-3).
Skeletons
with mummy bundle postures or other forms of unusual post mortem manipulation form
only about one per cent of Britains Neolithic and Bronze Age articulated skeletons,
and so bodily preservation may only ever have been a minority rite (McIntyre 2004)."
Brit-Am Note: One per cent that received mummification is still a large number
that together with other evidence may indicate links to the Middle East.
There were four mummies found in South Uist [Hebrides, Scotland] buried around 1120BC
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11. Ancient British Grain Silos on Middle East Model
"Brit-Am Now"-878
3. Brit-Am Remark on British Silos
http://www.britam.org/now/878Now.html
Brit-Am Note: British Silos
The above article mentions storage pits.
<round storage silos or pits. Grain, jars of olive oil, and other foods were
stored in these pits. Sometimes these storage pits are as much as 20 feet
deep.>>
These pits are considered typically Israelite.
Much later the same type of pits were to be considered typical
of "Celtic" settlements in Europe especially those of Britain.
Similar parallels between the Israelites and Western Celts
are noticeable in other fields.
This has been mentioned by modern writers though
the earliest source I found that remarked on this phenomenon
was
FREDERIC DE ROUGEMONT, "L'Age de Bronze, ou Les Semites en Occident",
Paris, 1866.
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12. Steamships and Rivers of Cush
"Brit-Am Now"-879
http://www.britam.org/now/879Now.html
2. Steamships and Rivers of Cush
We have dealt with this subject before,
in fact not so long ago,
though I was unable to find the references in our archives.
[If anybody has them please send them to us].
[Isaiah 18:1] WOE TO THE LAND SHADOWING WITH WINGS, WHICH IS BEYOND THE
RIVERS OF ETHIOPIA [Hebrew: Cush]:
[Isaiah 18:2] THAT SENDETH AMBASSADORS BY THE SEA, EVEN IN VESSELS OF
BULRUSHES [Hebrew: "Gomey" also connoting Steamboats or oil-driven craft]
UPON THE WATERS, SAYING, GO, YE SWIFT MESSENGERS, TO A NATION SCATTERED AND
PEELED, TO A PEOPLE TERRIBLE FROM THEIR BEGINNING HITHERTO; A NATION METED
OUT AND TRODDEN DOWN, WHOSE LAND THE RIVERS HAVE SPOILED!
The expression "VESSELS OF BULRUSHES" is from the Hebrew [keli-gomey] where
the word translated as "Bullrushes" is "Gomey" [from the Root: "GMA"].
The "Etymological Dictoinary of Biblical Hebrew, Based on the Commentaries
of Samson Raphael Hirsch" by Matityahu Clark, New York, 1999, explained
"Gomey" to mean (1) sipping and absorbing liquid (Genesis 24:17 translated
as "DRINK", Genesis 41:19 Exodus 15:8); (2) water absorbing reed; (3) reedy
plant requiring much water. In other words the translation of "Gomey" as
"bulrushes" derives from the plant being so named due to its water absorbing
characteristics.
Literally the vessels that travel on the sea are "Gomey" or water absorbing.
This describes boats that use steam such as Steam Ships and nuclear powered
boats.
Wikipedia Extracts:
A steam engine requires a boiler to heat water into steam. The expansion or
contraction of steam exerts force upon a piston or turbine blade, whose
motion can be harnessed for the work of turning wheels or driving other
machinery. One of the advantages of the steam engine is that any heat source
can be used to raise steam in the boiler; but the most common is a fire
fueled by wood, coal or oil or the heat energy generated in a nuclear
reactor.
A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the
primary method of propulsion is steam power...
Steamships gradually replaced sailing ships for commercial shipping through
the 19th century, and they were in turn superseded by diesel-driven ships in
the second half of the twentieth century. Most warships used steam
propulsion until the advent of the gas turbine. Today, nuclear powered
warships and submarines use steam to drive turbines, but are not referred to
as steamships or steamboats.
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13. Black Irish Article
"Brit-Am Now"-881
http://www.britam.org/now/881Now.html
3. Black Irish Article
http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/
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14. Robert Jones: Ancient Hebrew History
"Brit-Am Now"-881
http://www.britam.org/now/881Now.html
4. Robert Jones: Ancient Hebrew History
From: Robert Jones <houseof_joseph@yahoo.com>
Subject: Asiatics migrating to Egypt
Extracts:
Two authors that help give a better clue to this migration is Cyrus Gordon
in his books about the Ancient Near East, and David Rohl in the Lords of
Avaris. They give a detailed conclusion on who these immigrants were that
settled in northern Egypt. One, the Egyptians worshiped many gods, but Ra
the sun god was always supreme. When the "Asiatics" descended upon northern
Egypt in the 1900 - 1800 BC, they brought with them their gods from Syria
and Lebanon. One of these was the Bull worship called by many names IE - Mt
(Mose) or Thor-El; the second was Anath the Virgin warrior goddess. Asenath
was named after this goddess.
The other indication they were Semites, is their connection to Crete. As mentioned in earlier emails, the Creti or Minoans were involved with the Hebrews in Avaris in trade and other influences such as architecture. This Bull god was one of their main gods. At some point the Caphtorites were
pushed out of the Ugarit area into Cyprus and possibly Crete. One of the
Caphtorite gods that was left over in Ugarit was (Kothar and Hasis), the
artisan god. Semites or Hurrians eventually displaced them. For two hundred
plus years the Hurrian people that included Abraham, the Chaldeans and
others began migrating south and west. As they pushed west to the Levant
coast, this created a domino effect. Some of these Semitic Hurrians sailed
on to Crete and Northern Egypt. Some settled in Canaan. The Jebusite city
(Jerusalem) was ruled by a king who had a Hurrian name.
David Rohl points out that pottery from Minoan Crete all but disappears and
now there begins to appear pottery from Cyprus. Cyprus was a Philistine
center made up of primarily Caphtorites and Casluhites, Hamitic people who
would naturally ally themselves to Egypt's 18th Dynasty.
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15. Egyptian Philosophers in Pre-Christian Scotland
SCOTLAND'S PAST LINKS WITH ANCIENT EGYPT
http://www.sacredconnections.co.uk/holyland/scotlandegypt.htm
The old Scots Chronicles also record that during the 2nd century B.C. certain "Egyptian philosophers" (probably from the Egyptian mystery temples) came to Scotland to advise the Scots King of the period. They were able to divine for him where certain metal ores were located in the land by studying the movement of the stars. It seems likely that these Egyptian philosophers would have associated with the Druid magi, some of whom were in attendance as advisors to the ancient Scottish Royal families.
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16. More on the Early Discovery of Australia
"Brit-Am Now"-884
2. More on the Early Discovery of Australia
http://www.britam.org/now/884Now.html
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17. Minoans in Schleswig
"Brit-Am Now"-895
http://www.britam.org/now/895Now.html
1. Philistines, Crete, Israelites, and Northern Europe
http://britam.org/now/660Now.html
#4. New Find: Bronze Age Crete-North Frisia [Northwest Germany] Connections
Note from "Dirk" in [Germanic-L] Digest Number 1786
<<The most shocking find was Minoic [Minoan] ceramic dated to the 13th and 14th
centuries BC, including characteriistic three-feet pots. This suggests,
according to the article that trade links existed between Crete and
the North Frisian Coast as early as 1400 BC. The finds come from a
Bronze age layer and cannot have been dropped into the site in modern
times. The objects were likely not transported to Rungholt by
intermediate traders over land, but were likely shipped directly from
Crete.>>
<<"Rungholt was the main town of the Edomsharde" [Edom's District?]
Area spoken of: Northern Schleswig (North Friesland just south of Denmark) in Germany in region of Pellworm Island (54.5 N, M38) considered to have once been part of a peninsula connected to the south to the German mainland.
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18. The British Empire
"Brit-Am Now"-896
http://www.britam.org/now/896Now.html
3. Interesting Encyclopedia Article on The British Empire (Extracts)
http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/British_Empire
Extracts:
The British Empire was the world's first global power and history's largest Empire; by 1921, it held sway over a population of 500-600 million people, roughly a quarter of the world's population, and covered about 15.1 million square miles (nearly 37 million square kilometres), roughly 35% of the world's total land area.
The British Empire came together over 300 years through a succession of phases of expansion by trade, settlement, or conquest, interspersed with intervals of pacific commercial and diplomatic activity, or imperial contraction. Its territories were scattered across every continent and ocean, and it was often accurately described as "the empire on which the sun never sets". The zenith of the empire was during the mid 19th century when, as the world's sole developed superpower, Britain enjoyed unparalleled prosperity.
From the perspective of the colonies, the record of the British Empire is mixed. The colonies received from Britain the English language, an administrative and legal framework on the British model, and technological and economic development. During decolonisation, Britain sought to pass parliamentary democracy and the rule of law to its colonies, with varying degrees of success. Almost all former British colonies have since chosen to join the Commonwealth of Nations, the association which replaced the Empire.
The credit for the first ever usage of the words "British Empire" is usually given to Doctor John Dee, Queen Elizabeth I's astrologer, alchemist, and mathematician.
The overseas British Empire, in the sense of British oceanic exploration and settlement outside of Europe and the British Isles, was rooted in the pioneering maritime policies of King Henry VII, who reigned 1485-1509.
King Henry VIII founded the modern English navy (though the plans to do so were put into motion during his father's reign) ...Henry thus established the munitions-based Royal Navy that was able to repulse the Spanish Armada in 1588, and his innovations provided the seed for the Imperial Navy of later centuries.
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe in the years 1577 to 1580, only the second to accomplish this feat after Ferdinand Magellan's expedition. In 1579, Drake landed somewhere in northern California and claimed for the Crown what he named Nova Albion ("New Britain"), though the claim was not followed by settlement. Subsequent maps spell out Nova Albion to the north of all New Spain.
The lesson of Britain's North American loss, that trade might continue to bring prosperity even in the absence of colonial rule, contributed to the extension in the 1840s and 1850s of self-governing colony status to white settler colonies in Canada and Australasia whose British or European inhabitants were seen as outposts of the "mother country". Ireland had been treated differently, being incorporated into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
During this period, Britain also outlawed the slave trade (1807) and soon began enforcing this principle on other nations. By the mid-19th century Britain had largely eradicated the world slave trade. Slavery itself was abolished in the British colonies in 1834, though the phenomenon of indentured labour retained much of its oppressive character until 1920.
Between the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Britain was the world's sole industrialised power, with over 30% of the global industrial output in 1870. As the "workshop of the world", Britain could produce finished manufactures so efficiently and cheaply that they could undersell comparable locally produced goods in foreign markets. Given stable political conditions in particular overseas markets, Britain could prosper through free trade alone without having to resort to formal rule. The Americas in particular (especially in Argentina and the United States were seen as being well under the informal British trade empire due to Britain's enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine keeping other European nations from establishing formal rule in the area.
Between 1885 and 1914 Britain took nearly 30% of Africa's population under her control, compared to 15 percent for France, 9 percent for Germany, 7 percent for Belgium and 1 percent for Italy: Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects, more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire.
The aftermath of World War I saw the last major extension of British rule, with Britain gaining control through League of Nations Mandates in Palestine and Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, as well as in the former German colonies of Tanganyika, South-West Africa (now Namibia) and New Guinea (the last two actually under South African and Australian rule respectively). The British zones of occupation in the German Rhineland after World War I and West Germany after World War II were not considered part of the Empire.
The last territorial expansion of the British Empire was the annexation of Rockall to the west of the Outer Hebrides in 1955. The Royal Navy landed a party of seamen on the isle and officially claimed the rock in the name of the Queen. The action was prompted by the imminent intention of the Ministry of Defence to test launch a nuclear missile from the Outer Hebrides. It was feared that the heretofore unclaimed island might be used by the Soviet Union as a site for surveillance equipment. In 1972 the Isle of Rockall Act formally incorporated the island into the United Kingdom, although this was controversial in Ireland.
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19. Multinational Enterprise in Ancient Phoenicia by Karl James Moore and David Charles Lewis
"Brit-Am Now"-899
http://www.britam.org/now/899Now.html
1. Article on Phoenician Expansion Under Assyria
http://www.aliraqi.org/forums/showthread.php?t=45955&page=2
Al-Nippury.
Phoenicia and Its Colonies
Business History, April 2000 v42 i2 p17
Multinational Enterprise in Ancient Phoenicia
Karl James Moore and David Charles Lewis
* Excerpts:
Extracts from the Excerpts
In the period between 1000 and 500 BC, the merchants of Tyre achieved dominance in, if not control over, international trade in the Near East, the Mediterranean, and, for a time, even the Indian Ocean and its tributaries ...
The climactic Intercontinental-Multinational Phase, 840-538 BC, of Tyrian trade and investment expansion began on the heels of Jehu's revolt and culminated in the period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the eighth and seventh centuries BC. Phoenician investment not only flowed into Assyria and Babylonia but even reached across the central and western Mediterranean to North Africa and the Atlantic coast of Spain. The rise of Assyria was the major catalyst of the new Phoenician strategy.
In the days of Itobaal, the armies of Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III marched westward across the Euphrates, exacting tribute from terrified Phoenician rulers. The Assyrian presence became much more immediate after 733 BC when the armies of Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, Sargon II and Sennacherib conquered Syria and Israel. Assyrian influence over Phoenicia reached its peak under Esarhaddon (680-69 BC). Mainland Phoenicia was divided into three Assyrian provinces called Simya, Sidon and Ushu, and many of the inhabitants were deported. Tyre kept her independence, but only under the harsh terms of a vassal treaty dictated by Esarhaddon to the Tyrian Prince Ba'alu. ...
Assyria's efforts to monopolise Tyre's trade with the rest of Asia, ironically, permitted Phoenician commerce to seduce even the might of Nineveh. Assyria's landlocked kings left their western trade in the hands of the people who knew and managed it best, be they settlers or deportees. A firm run by the Sidonian Hanunu became chief supplier of the Empire's dyed fabrics; Oubasti, exiled to Nineveh by Sennacherib as a youth, became the city's chief porter. The eastern network of merchants, organised in the time of Itobaal, in Cilicia, Aleppo, Carchemish and now even Nineveh and Babylon continued to ship goods to and from points west, leaving them in the hands of Phoenician companies, their partners and subsidiaries. The Tyre-Nineveh partnership followed a commercial pattern established centuries before, when Babylonian and Ugaritic merchants joined hands to finance large-scale trade between Mesopotamia and the West. Bulk shipments of metals, textiles, foodstuffs and processed goods, including purple dye, plied up and down the Euphrates and crossed Syrian mountains and plains, paid for in silver and textiles by consortia of Canaanite, Babylonian and Assyrian merchants. Babylonian and Assyrian firms and their employees formed price-fixing partnerships to purchase Phoenician goods and distribute them to their subcontractors. Temples of Ashur, Marduk and Melkart provided capital, direction and storage facilities. In the eighth and seventh centuries BC, Babylonia was now a vassal of Assyrian kings using the Euphratean trading system for their own ends. Tyre became Assyria's source not only of huge quantities of dyed garments but also silver and iron. Lacking the iron deposits needed to equip their vast armies or the silver to finance them, the kings of Nineveh turned to their Tyrian vassals and clients to supply them, much as Germany in the Second World War turned to Sweden for iron ore and Switzerland for hard currency.
Assyrian control of Near Eastern markets and resources encouraged Tyre's merchants to embark upon an ambitious new strategy. Becoming Nineveh's supplier and banker preserved Tyre's independence while guaranteeing it a vast market on the Assyrian-held mainland. The potential profits from selling precious metals, raw materials and finished goods to the Assyrian Empire in bulk were sufficient to justify creation of the first intercontinental multinational enterprises...
Led by Tyre, the city-states of ancient Phoenicia became the greatest seafaring traders of ancient times.
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20. Sciot means wanderer , Scot means hidden (like ceilt) in Greek.
"Brit-Am Now"-899
http://www.britam.org/now/899Now.html
2. Question on the name "Sciot"
Sciot in the 'Gaal of Sciot Iber' is another form of Scot.
In Gaelic is said to connote "wanderer" similar to the meaning "Hebrew".
On the other hand the word "Scott" in Greek and other "Indo-European" tongues
indicates Concealed or "hidden" similar to the proposed derivation of Celt from "ceilt".
First Literary Reference to Celts: A Hidden People
The first literary reference to the Celtic people, as keltoi or hidden
people, is by the Greek Hecataeus in 517 BC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics_of_the_British_Isles
A Roman poet, Avienus, quoted "the secret annals of Carthage" and based a poem "Ora Maritima" partly on the report of a Carthaginian Admiral, Himilco, who sailed around Britain. Avienus reported the Oestrymnis in Brittany and a similarly named entity in Britain. Borchart understood this term, in Hebrew, to mean "the hidden people", based on the root "Sater" to hide. ("Lost Israelite Identity" p.284).
Scot is also considered another form of "Scythe" i.e. Scythian.
It has been proposed to derive the word "Scythian" from "Succoth".
Our understanding however is that "Scythoi" was the Greek form of "Saka"
or "Saka-thoi" and that "Saka" is a form of Isaac.
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DNA and Genetics, etc.
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1. Proposed Jewish -Irish-British mtDNA Link
"Brit-Am Now"-856
http://www.britam.org/now/856Now.html
4. DNA Conundrum: Ashkenazi Jews-Irish-Brits
Extract:
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n3/43026/43026.html
The 13 Ashkenazi complete mtDNAs clustered into three distinct branches in the phylogeny: K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a (fig. 1). Behar
41 out of 113 K samples were K1a9 which is ca. 28%.
What however applies to K1a9 by implication is probably also pertinent
to all Jewish mtDNA K.
Bill Hurst is in effect suggesting that K1a9 originated from the type of
K native to the British Isles or rather unique to the British Peoples.
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2. Notes on Red Hair
"Brit-Am Now"-858
http://www.britam.org/now/858Now.html
2. Notes on Red Hair
Judas and Red Hair
http://www.jhom.com/arts/topics/color/judas.htm
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=93&letter=H
http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol4.140
It is said of
the Poles that they can always spot a Jew. Redness is one of the criteria
used. In Eastern Europe red hair is a trait that is considered Jewish.
There are Romanian folk songs of "beautiful Jewish red-haired girls". In
Poland and the Ukraine, red hair was always a tip-off that the person was
Jewish. The gentile population has an ash blond appearance with none of
the ruddiness and strawberry blondness one sees especially among Litvaks
*and* Irishmen!
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1626606/posts
The genetic populations that have the highest chance of red hair: Anglo-Saxons (last I heard, it was actually higher than celtic chance), celtic, Western Russians, Ashkenazic Jews and Swedes (but not Norwegians or Finns, particularly).
http://www.wzo.org.il/doingzionism/resources/view.asp?id=174
Sholem Aleichem published his contribution to the ever-burgeoning theme: "The Little Red Jews." In this short story, a Jew from the Land of Israel visits the "small red Jews" who live beyond the mythical river of the Sambatyon, which, according to medieval Jewish tradition, had been separated from their brothers since the time of Babylonian exile.
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3. Bob Davis: Red Haired Picts, Scotts, and Irish
"Brit-Am Now"-859
http://www.britam.org/now/859Now.html
4. Bob Davis: Red Haired Picts, Scotts, and Irish
From: Bob Davis <bdavis@paxkom.net>
Subject: RE: "Brit-Am Now"-858
Dear Yair
Red-haired people have been mentioned as a group by the Romans.
The 'Picts' were described as having red-hair and 'large limbs' by Roman
historian Tacitus. Modern historians with the help of anthropologists have
placed red-hair as a unique characteristic belonging to the Picts, who were
characteristic to what is now regarded as Scottish.
http://www.geocities.com/red_head_stranger66/origin.htm
As many as 10% of Scots and Irish people have ginger or strawberry blond
hair. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/scotland/819117.stm
Bob Davis
Brit-Am Note: I understand that in Ireland it is ca.15% and in the
northwest (Donegal and co) close to 30%.