Additional Notes by Dr. Richard Griffiths
Subject: Viking longship to sail across North Sea & Dan's Serpent Trail
The Tribe of Dan was associated with a serpent symbol in Genesis 49:16-18.
"Dan will provide justice for his people as one of the tribes of Israel. Dan will be a serpent by the roadside, a viper along the path, that bites the horse's heels so that its rider tumbles backward. I look to your deliverance O Lord."
Some have interpreted this as a prophecy that the tribe of Dan would leave a serpent trail of "Dan" place names after the custom recorded in the book of Judges of the tribe of Dan naming captured cities after their ancestor. What is less well known but even more compelling is how this serpent motif would manifest itself over and over again in artwork/design often associated with the Vikings of whom some claimed ancestry from a mythical father Dan "Odin". Two notable examples are the runic stones left by the Vikings all across Europe with serpents on them ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_stones) and the beautiful and deadly longships with a dragon/serpent at the head.
It may be just a coincidence but if it is it is a very striking one.
Rich
See also:
Dragon Ships and Viking Sagas
http://www.athenapub.com/viksaga1.htm
Dragon heads from Gokstad [Norway] ship burial; part of verge boards for a tent 
Viking Dragon Ship
Source: Manuscript, Northumbia, England, 900s CE
Historians take Viking ship by horns and try to re-create voyage
(http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/403799,CST-NWS-viking28.article)
May 28, 2007
ROSKILDE, Denmark -- The Sea Stallion of Glendalough is billed as the world's biggest and most ambitious Viking ship reconstruction, modeled after a warship excavated in 1962.
Volunteers are preparing it for a journey across the legendary Viking waters of the North Sea -- leaving Denmark on July 1 and sailing 1,200 miles to Dublin, which was founded by Vikings in the 9th century.
''It moves like a snake,'' crew member Preben Rather Soerensen, 42, said after a recent test sail.
The crew will explore the challenges of spending seven weeks in an open vessel with no shelter from crashing waves. Working in four-hour shifts, the history buffs and sailing enthusiasts will have to steer the 100-foot-long ship through treacherous waters -- just as the Vikings did.
''They must have been incredibly tough to do what they did,'' said crew member Triona Nicholl, 24.
http://wind.cc.whecn.edu/~gnelson/scandinavia/vikingships.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_stones
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070528/ap_on_re_eu/viking_ship_4&printer=1;_ylt=Al0yIUSqHaKHieu1rf2esCZbbBAF
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/
http://home.online.no/~joeolavl/viking/vikingshipclasses.htm
Serpent - Drakkar - Dragon-ship (Norwegian: "drage" / "drake" or "Orm")
In english literature several terms seem to be in use for a looser group of large viking ships. Both the terms serpents and drakkars are frequently used, and seem the be equal to the norwegian terms "drage" (drake) and "orm". Regarding the shape of the hull of a large longship and its flexibility at sea I prefer the term serpent of the two, as "orm" translates into serpent or snake. I believe this comes closest to what such a ship must have looked like in use. The norse word "orm" (old norse "orminum"), must not be confused with or translated into the english word "worm", even though dictionaries can suggest such a translation.
The serpents were usually the largest ships in the fleet of a viking king, and were supposed to stand out to symbolize his superior rank.
Calling a ship a serpent seem to have been a looser term than using the more restricted terms busse, skeide, snekke and sud. Any of these could also be called a serpent if they were equipped with an animal shaped head in the stem. Usually this head was shaped like a dragons head. Also other animal forms are known from the sagas, for example the ship "Visund" which had a bulls head (a vicent - european buffalo) in its stem. The stern could also have a dragon head or forming a dragons tail. The dragon head was not permanently fixed to the prow, but could usually be taked down for various reasons.
The sagas of Snorri Sturlason gives several examples of ships that were called both a "serpent" and one of the subclasses of longships. Among these are "Ormen Lange" (The Long Serpent) which are mentioned both as serpent and busse in different parts of the saga.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(king)
Dan is the name of one or more legendary kings of the Danes in medieval Scandinavian texts.
...
The Lejre Chronicle
The Chronicle of Lejre (Chronicon Lethrense) written about 1170 introduces a primeval King Ypper of Uppsala whose three sons were Dan who afterwards ruled Denmark, Nori who afterwards ruled Norway, and ?sten who afterwards ruled the Swedes. Dan apparently first ruled in Zealand for the Chronicle states that it was when Dan had saved his people from an attack by the Emperor Augustus that the Jutes and the men of Fyn and Scania also accepted him as king, whence the resultant expanded country of Denmark was named after him. Dan's wife was named Dana and his son was named Ro.
Denmark
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark
The exact origin of Denmark has been lost in history, but a short note[4] about the Dani in "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths" from 551 AD by historian Jordanes is believed by some to be an early mention of the Daner,[5] one of the ethnos from which are descended the modern Danish people. The Danevirke defence structures were built in several phases from the 3rd century forth,[6] and the sheer size of the construction efforts in 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king.[6] The new runic alphabet was first used at the same time, and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about 700.
Viking longship to sail across North Sea
by JAN M. OLSEN, Associated Press Writer
Mon May 28, 12:08 AM ET
On the skipper's command, deckhands haul in tarred ropes to lower the flax sail. Oars splash into the water. The crew, grimacing with strain, pull with steady strokes sending the sleek Viking longship gliding through the fjord. A thousands years ago, the curved-prow warship might have spewed out hordes of bloodthirsty Norsemen ready to pillage and burn. This time, the spoils are adventure rather than plunder.
The Sea Stallion of Glendalough is billed as the world's biggest and most ambitious Viking ship reconstruction, modeled after a warship excavated in 1962 from the Roskilde fjord after being buried in the seabed for nearly 950 years.
Volunteers are preparing it for a journey across the legendary Viking waters of the North Sea ? leaving Roskilde in eastern Denmark on July 1 and sailing 1,200 miles to Dublin, which was founded by Vikings in the 9th century.
"It's like a banana boat. It moves like a snake," crew member Preben Rather Soerensen, 42, said after a recent test sail in the Roskilde fjord.
The crew will explore the challenges of spending seven weeks in an open vessel with no shelter from crashing waves, whipping wind and drenching rain. Working in four-hour shifts, the history buffs and sailing enthusiasts will have to steer the 100-foot-long ship through treacherous waters with a minimum of sleep, comfort and privacy ? just as the Vikings did.
"They must have been incredibly tough to do what they did," said 24-year-old crew member Triona Nicholl, an archaeologist from Dublin. "We all have waterproof gear. We have radios and life jackets and all the stuff. They must have been hardier people."
The Vikings turned to the stars and their ancient Norse gods for help as they navigated across the open sea, reaching as far as Iceland and North America. Many perished in the hostile waters of the North Atlantic.
This crew puts their faith in modern technology: a GPS satellite navigation system and radar. They wear baseball caps and wind-breakers rather than helmets and chain mail shirts. Mobile phones are allowed, but no battle axes.
Nevertheless, the crew is likely to feel they have been transported back a millennium when the voyage begins, although it will be accompanied by a modern support vessel with medical and rescue experts.
The Viking boat has the curved hull and single square sail that typified Norse longships, which were designed to sail on both open seas and shallow rivers.
Using replicas of Viking era tools, chisels, knives, spoon bits and axes ? craftsmen built the 8.25-ton Sea Stallion using 5,250 cubic feet of oak and 7,000 hand-forged iron rivets.
"Within a certain framework, we knew how they built the ship and how the missing parts should be," said Erik Andersen, 68, who designed the replica. "The only guesswork was the color of the ship and the sail."
The builders settled for a brown-colored hull and a red-and-yellow sail, drawing inspiration from the famed Bayeux tapestry in France, which depicts the 11th century Norman conquest of England. The Normans were descendants of Viking settlers in northwestern France.
The ship proved remarkably stable during trials off Roskilde on May 5. Powered by up to 30 pairs of oars, the Sea Stallion ? Havhingsten in Danish ? sliced through the waves without wobbling. Out in the fjord, the 144-square-yard sail was pulled down like a curtain, catching the salty breeze with a loud thump.
Captain Poul Nygaard, a Dane, dispatched instructions, relayed to the crew by the shouts of a midshipman.
It will be no pleasure cruise. "They will suffer from blisters on their hands and sore bums," Nygaard said.
The voyage across the North Sea, passing north of Scotland and down the famously ill-tempered Irish Sea, will test both the crew and their ship.
The goal is to sail nonstop to Dublin, but the plan could change depending on the weather.
The Sea Stallion will sail around the northern tip of Jutland and across the North Sea to the Orkney Islands, north of Scotland. From there, it is to veer south at Cape Wrath on Scotland's northern tip and down the Irish Sea to Dublin.
The crew ? mostly volunteers from Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, the United States and Canada ? will eat, sleep and work in extremely close quarters. When nature calls, the solution is a portable toilet near the mast or over the side of the ship.
"Privacy is a very big problem. We're 65 people living very close for long time," said Erik Nielsen, a 64-year-old volunteer from Toronto. "You deal with it. It is manageable."
The 78 men and 22 women will take turns sailing the ship on the seven-week voyage. Many will remain onboard from start to finish, said Rather Soerensen, the project manager.
"They have to know something about square sails. And they have to be very socially competent," he said.
The Vikings enter history in the late 8th century, when Christian monks chronicled the first Norse raids on the coasts of northern Europe. While feared for their battle prowess, the Vikings were also skilled craftsmen and traders, establishing commercial networks as far away as Constantinople ? today's Istanbul, Turkey.
In Britain and Ireland, the raids gradually grew into full-fledged invasions led by Danish and Norwegian kings. The first Viking settlements in Ireland have been dated to 840. Many historians believe Icelandic Viking Leif Erikson reached North America 500 years before Columbus.
The longship on which the Sea Stallion was modeled is believed to have been built in 1042 in Glendalough, south of the Irish capital. It was considered one of the most advanced vessels of its time.
Some historians believe it crossed the North Sea to carry the two adult sons of English King Harold Godwinson to Roskilde, where they sought to form an alliance with the Danish king against William the Conqueror.
The ship eventually was among five sunk in the Roskilde fjord around 1060, probably to block access to the port. The five vessels were excavated and are now on display at the Roskilde Viking ship museum.
Christened by Denmark's Queen Margrethe in 2004, the Sea Stallion is expected to reach Dublin on Aug. 14, where it will be exhibited before returning to Denmark in August 2008.
Terje Boe of Norway's Lofotr Viking Museum, who is not involved in the project, said the expedition could shed light on the maneuverability of large Viking vessels.
"It is so special because of the length of the ship. How will they do in high seas, how big waves can it take?" he said.
___
On the Net:
Sea Stallion official site: http://www.havhingsten.dk